Fig 1.
The seven collection areas (provinces), comprising 12 collection sites for An. sundaicus s.l. in Indonesia (1) North Sumatra, (2) Bangka-Belitung, (3) Bengkulu (Enggano Is.), (4) South Lampung, (5) West Java, (6) West Nusa Tenggara, and (7) East Nusa Tenggara. The dashed lines are biogeographical transition zones the separate Asia and Australasia. The transitional zone between the Wallace’s and Weber’s lines is termed ‘Wallacea’. Plants and animals related to Asian species are found to the north-west. Australasian species are found mainly to the south-east, with a small inter-mix of Asian species as seen with An. sundaicus. This species complex is not found east of Weber’s or Lydekker’s lines. Map from Natural Earth. https://www.naturalearthdata.com/.
Table 1.
Inter-specific variable bases of the ITS2 region that distinguish other Anopheles sundaicus members from Anopheles epiroticus.
Fig 2.
Alignment of rDNA ITS2 sequences from An. sundaicus s.l.
(GenBank Acc. No. GQ284822, AF369550, GQ284826) and An. epiroticus (GenBank Acc. No. AF469855). Geographic origins of specimens indicated as RB-17 = Lampung, BRB-127 = North Sumatra, RB-14 = Lampung, SM1-108 = Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara, and E-01: Enggano, Bengkulu.
Fig 3.
The heteroduplex Y (C/T) at nt 538 of the ITS2 fragment observed in 9 Anopheles sundaicus s.l. samples from Bangka-Belitung Province showing evidence of natural species introgression.
Table 2.
Inter-specific variable bases for COI and cytb genes that distinguish between Anopheles sundaicus complex species.
Fig 4.
Phylogenetic tree of An. sundaicus s.l. based on the rDNA ITS2 fragment (Panel A) and concatameric mtDNA COI (Panel B). The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test is shown next to the branches. The optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 0.01841176 is depicted. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths in the same units as those of the evolutionary distances used to infer species relationships. Some specimens from North Sumatra (Barbaran and Sebajior) and Bangka-Belitung cluster with An. epiroticus from Malaysia, Vietnam, and Thailand. Site codes: SUT = North Sumatra; SUM = Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara; BB = Bangka Belitung Archipelago; LA = Lampung; JAW = West Java; NTB = West Nusa Tenggara; and BK = Bengkulu.