Fig 1.
Scheme of the voltage gated sodium channel.
The IIS6 and IIIS6 segments are highlighted, indicating the primers (arrows showing orientation) used to amplify their corresponding DNA regions in this study. The kdr mutation sites previously found in Aedes aegypti in these segments (989, 1011, 1016, 1532 and 1534) are also indicated.
Fig 2.
Haplotype Network of nucleotides corresponding to the IIS6 segment of the voltage gated sodium channel gene of Aedes aegypti populations from diverse continents.
The network was designed based on the genealogies calculated by the TCS method [21]. Each dot represents a haplotype, connected by lines in which each tick mark indicates a mutational step between connected haplotypes. Lines are color-coded to indicate Clade A (purple) or Clade B (green). Dot colors indicate haplotypes with (red) or without (blue) kdr mutations. A schematic representation of the clade with kdr haplotypes is in the box, with kdr SNPs in red.
Fig 3.
Haplotype Network of the IIIS6 segment of the voltage gated sodium channel gene of Aedes aegypti populations from diverse continents.
The network is the genealogy calculated by the TCS method [21]. Each dot represents a haplotype, connected by lines in which each slash indicates a mutational step between connected haplotypes. Red and blue dots indicate synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions, respectively. The most common haplotype 3s6_00 is in dark blue. A schematic representation with haplotypes containing non-synonymous SNPs is in the box, with SNPs in red.
Fig 4.
Frequencies of haplotypes with or without non-synonymous substitutions in IIS6 and IIIS6 NaV segments of Aedes aegypti worldwide populations.
The populations contain one bar for each of the two NaV segments. In each bar it is presented the frequency of the haplotypes with non-synonymous SNPs and the sum of the remaining haplotypes (wild-type). Populations are grouped according to their continent.
Fig 5.
Evidence for at least two independent origins for the 1534C kdr mutation in Aedes aegypti.
Bars show the haplotype frequencies of IIS6 and IIIS6 NaV segments found in five localities that are fixed for 3s6-01 haplotype (A). The IIS6 haplotypes from Clades A or B (see Fig 2) are represented as purple and green lines, respectively. Two different origins are proposed for the 1534C kdr mutation in B and C panels. The single origin for the other kdr mutations is also suggested in panel C. Phased haplotypes are followed by the name of the populations where they were found. Kdr SNPs are shown in red.