Fig 1.
Locations of the mosquito collection sites.
Source: MALVEC Project 2016, Institut Pasteur du Laos—IRD, SavGIS software.
Table 1.
List of the Aedes aegypti populations collected from the north to the south and their GPS coordinates.
Population abbreviation names are used throughout the text.
Table 2.
Resistance status of Aedes aegypti larvae (reference and field strains) against temephos, deltamethrin, permethrin, and DDT.
Fig 2.
Mortality rates and 95% confidence intervals in WHO tube tests of wild adult Aedes aegypti populations from Laos.
USDA: susceptible reference strain.
Table 3.
Insecticidal activity of temephos against Aedes aegypti larvae (reference strain and field populations) with and without inhibitors.
Fig 3.
Mortality (%) and standard deviation of adult Aedes aegypti after exposure to permethrin (0.25%) and malathion (0.8%) with and without inhibitors (DEF: 8%, DEM: 8%, and PBO: 4%).
Fig 4.
Activity of detoxification enzymes and 95% Confidence Interval in field caught Aedes aegypti populations in comparison to the susceptible reference strain (USDA): cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s; A), Glutathione-S transferases (GSTs; B), Esterases (α and β-CCEs; C and D). Sample sizes are 47 specimens/population. An asterisk (*) denotes significantly higher levels of detoxifying enzyme compared to the susceptible reference strain USDA.
Fig 5.
Haplotypes frequencies of V1016G and F1534C kdr mutations in Aedes aegypti populations from Laos.
Table 4.
Genotype distribution and allelic frequency of the V1016G and F1534C kdr mutations.
Fig 6.
Significant positive correlations identified CNV of detoxification genes and population resistance levels.
Resistance levels are expressed as RR50 for larvae and % survival to WHO insecticide test for adults.