Fig 1.
Simplified overview of the generalised major biosynthetic cascades and selected lipid mediators derived from linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
Cyclooxygenases (COX) convert polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to prostanoids. Leukotrienes (LTs) derive from the 5-lipoxygenase pathway (5-LOX), while further lipoxygenases (8-LOX and 12/15-LOX) convert PUFAs to corresponding hydroxylated fatty acids (HODE, HETE, HEPE and HDHA). 8,15- and 5,15-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (8,15- and 5,15-DiHETE) as well as specialised pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) like resolvins (Rv), neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) and lipoxins (Lx) require at least two consecutive enzymatic conversions. Various cytochrome P450 monooxygenase enzymes (CYP 450) catalyse the epoxidation of PUFAs, illustrated by ARA-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EpETrEs).
Fig 2.
Stacked bar graphs represent the percentage-ratio of all detected metabolites summed by their assumed major formation route in the a) cerebra and b) cerebella of Toxocara spp.-infected and uninfected mice.
Each column represents data from a single sample (n = 5).
Fig 3.
Heatmap representing the mean fold-change of each lipid mediator in uninfected controls as well as in T. canis- and T. cati-infected mice.
For clarity, classification of metabolites is generalised based on their major biosynthetic pathways. Metabolites below the quantification limit are displayed in grey.
Fig 4.
Time course of concentrations of NPD1 (mean ± SEM) in the cerebra and cerebella of uninfected controls as well as T. canis- and T. cati-infected mice.
If the level was below the limit of quantification (LOQ) the LOQ is shown (0.498 fmol/mg). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (P≤0.05) between infected and uninfected mice. The square marks an outlier for NPD1 at day 70 pi.
Fig 5.
13-HODE/9-HODE-ratio (mean ± SEM) in the cerebra and cerebella of uninfected controls as well as T. canis- and T. cati-infected mice.
Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (P≤0.05) between infected and uninfected mice.
Fig 6.
Transcriptional alterations (in fold-changes) of different ptgs- (encoding for COX enzymes) and alox- (encoding for LOX enzymes) genes during T. canis- as well as T. cati-induced NT compared to uninfected mice.
Data for day 42 pi have been deposited at the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) under the accession number GSE66094 [31].