Fig 1.
Inhibition of chemotactic migration of CsNEJs to cholic acid by dopaminergic inhibitors.
Percent inhibition of chemotactic migration of CsNEJs toward 50 mM cholic acid by dopamine D1 (A), D2 (B), and D3 (C) receptor antagonists, and a dopamine reuptake inhibitor (D). CsNEJs were incubated in a solution containing a test compound at 0.01–100 μM for 10 min, after which 50 mM cholic acid was placed at the positive end to induce chemotaxis. Migration distance of CsNEJs over 60 min in the presence of each compound was subtracted from the control migration distance, and the ratio is presented as percent inhibition.
Table 1.
List of neurotransmitter inhibitors and neuropeptides.
Fig 2.
Effects of serotonergic inhibitors on the cholic acid-induced chemotaxis of CsNEJs.
CsNEJs were stimulated with 50 mM cholic acid (CA) in the presence of fluoxetine (A), spiroxatrine (B), ritanserin (C), or Y-25130 (D), and migration distance was measured at 60 min. Asterisk * indicates P < 0.05 compared to 50 mM cholic acid only.
Fig 3.
Effects of glutamatergic inhibitors on the cholic acid-induced chemotaxis of CsNEJs.
CsNEJs were stimulated with 50 mM cholic acid (CA) in the presence of CNQX (A), NBQX (B), MK-801 (C), or cyclothiazide (D), and migration distance was measured at 60 min. Asterisk * indicates P < 0.05 compared to 50 mM cholic acid only.
Fig 4.
Effects of cholinergic inhibitors on the cholic acid-induced chemotaxis of CsNEJs.
CsNEJs were stimulated with 50 mM cholic acid (CA) in the presence of pirenzepine (A) or benzoquinonium (B), and migration distance was measured at 60 min. Asterisk * indicates P < 0.05 compared to 50 mM cholic acid only.
Fig 5.
Effects of neuropeptides on the cholic acid-induced chemotaxis of CsNEJs.
CsNEJs were stimulated with 50 mM cholic acid (CA) in the presence of FMRFamide (A), peptide YY (B), or neuropeptide Y (C), and migration distance was measured at 60 min. Asterisks indicate * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, and *** P < 0.001 compared to 50 mM cholic acid only.
Fig 6.
Confocal immunofluorescent micrographs of adult C. sinensis.
Double-immunostaining with antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (A, D), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) (B, E), and images merged (C, F). Upper panels show the lateral margin to the level of the ventral sucker, and lower panels show the area between the esophagus and ventral sucker.