Fig 1.
Mosquito collection sites in Tainan (West Central District, South District, Yongkang District and North District) and Kaohsiung (Sanmin District, Xiaogang District, Qianzhen District and Fengshan District) are marked. The map was made by ArcGIS (https://www.arcgis.com/).
Fig 2.
Strategies and methods for genotyping Aedes aegypti VGSC mutations.
(A) In the partial genomic region encoding VGSC, the positions of the kdr mutations (red columns) and primers (arrows) are indicated. Boxes and lines represent exons and introns. The intron flanked by exons 20 and 21 is polymorphic, as its length can be 250 or 234 bp. The four kdr mutations S989P, V1016G, F1534C and D1763Y found in Taiwanese Ae. aegypti are marked by asterisks. The scale bar represents a length of 100 bp. (B) PCR products were examined using agarose gel electrophoresis. The amplicon length of the VGSC domain II is either 630 or 614 bp, due to intron polymorphism.
Fig 3.
Genotypes of 157 Aedes aegypti collected in southern Taiwan.
In the boxes illustrating kdr mutations, white, gray and yellow boxes represent homozygous wild type (WT/WT), heterozygous mutation (WT/Mutation) and homozygous mutation (Mutation/Mutation), respectively. For the intron polymorphism, the blue, purple and red boxes represent group A intron homozygotes (Group A/Group A), group A/B intron heterozygotes (Group A/Group B) and group B intron homozygotes (Group B/Group B).
Table 1.
Proportion of four kdr mutations and two intron types in Aedes aegypti collected in southern Taiwan.
Fig 4.
Six VGSC haplotypes in current Taiwanese Aedes aegypti (A) and their hypothesized evolutionary pathway (B).
White and gray circles represent wild type sites and kdr mutations, respectively. Blue and red boxes represent group A and B introns, respectively.
Table 2.
Proportion of six haplotypes of the VGSC gene in Aedes aegypti collected in southern Taiwan.
The sites of the kdr mutations are underlined.
Fig 5.
The relationship between cypermethrin resistance and kdr mutations.
(A) LC99 of cypermethrin in Taiwanese Ae. aegypti collected in March and October. Mosquitoes from Tainan and Kaohsiung are labeled as black and red plots. (B-F) The relationship between cypermethrin resistance and all four kdr mutations (B) or compared with each mutation individually (C-F). (G-L) The relationship between cypermethrin resistance and each VGSC haplotype. The labels of the kdr mutations and intron polymorphism are the same as in Fig 4.