Fig 1.
A: Study districts in relation to the whole of Madagascar, overlaid on the malaria infection prevalence among children 6 to 59 months in age in 2016 (modelled from Malaria Indicator Survey data [34]). B: Surveyed villages in relation to the health facility where they seek treatment.
Fig 2.
Quadrant Enabled Screen Trap (QUEST) with built-in eaves.
A,B: Ambolodina T1. C,D: Amparihy T1. Standard Barrier Screen. E,F: Ambolodina T4.
Fig 3.
Map of villages with trap placement.
Each heatmap box represents the count of mosquitoes distributed across the four quadrants of the trap for December 2017 or April 2018. AMB1-3: Ambolodina (AMB) Trap 1 –Trap 3 QUEST. AMB4: Ambolodina Trap 4 standard barrier screen. Time points marked with an asterisk indicate a non-random distribution of mosquitoes across the trap at that timepoint. Traps marked with an asterisk indicate significantly different mosquito distributions when comparing the two timepoints for the same trap. AMB4 laterally bisected the cattle enclosure it was placed in. AMP1-3: Amparihy (AMP) Trap 1 –Trap 3 QUEST. Map generated using QGIS v.2.18. Numerical version available in S3 Table.
Table 1.
Counts of mosquitoes identified by morphology and BLOODART.
Fig 4.
Distribution of mosquito species across QUEST.
Three-letter combinations indicate mosquito species: arb = An. arabiensis, cou = An. coustani, fun = An. funestus, fla = An. flavicosta, gam = An. gambiae, mac = An. maculipalpis, mas = An. mascarensis, prt = An. pretoriensis, ruf = An. rufipes, squ = An. squamosus. Quadrant numbers refer to the direction of their orientation: 1-Northwest, 2-Northeast, 3-Southwest, 4-Southeast. (A) Ambolodina December 2017, (B) Ambolodina April 2018, (C) Amparihy December 2017, (D) Amparihy April 2018. Numerical version available in S5 Table.
Fig 5.
Three-letter combinations indicate mosquito species: arb = An. arabiensis, cou = An. coustani, fun = An. funestus, fla = An. flavicosta, gam = An. gambiae, mac = An. maculipalpis, mas = An. mascarensis, prt = An. pretoriensis, ruf = An. rufipes, squ = An. squamosus. Proportions represent the overall percentage of positive bloodmeals for respective host species. Therefore, individual bloodmeals with more than one species are counted for each species present. The overall percentage of human positive bloodmeals was 27% in December 2017, and 45% in April 2018. Numerical version available in S6 Table.
Fig 6.
Distribution of hosts across QUEST.
H = human, C = cow, P = pig, D = dog, K = cat, G = goat. Letter combinations indicate the presence of two or three hosts in the bloodmeal. Quadrant numbers refer to the direction of their orientation: 1-Northwest, 2-Northeast, 3-Southwest, 4-Southeast. (A) Ambolodina December 2017, (B) Ambolodina April 2018, (C) Amparihy December 2017, (D) Amparihy April 2018. Numerical version available in S7 Table.
Fig 7.
Distribution of Plasmodium positive mosquitoes.
Three-letter combinations indicate mosquito species: arb = An. arabiensis, cou = An. coustani, fun = An. funestus, fla = An. flavicosta, gam = An. gambiae, mac = An. maculipalpis, mas = An. mascarensis, prt = An. pretoriensis, ruf = An. rufipes, squ = An. squamosus. F = P. falciparum, V = P. vivax, M = P. malariae, O = P. ovale. Letter combinations indicate the presence of multiple Plasmodium species in the bloodmeal. (A) Plasmodium species infection across Anopheles species. (B) Plasmodium positive mosquitoes across the villages of Ambolodina and Amparihy in December 2017 and April 2018.