Fig 1.
Viral loads of simian immunodeficiency virus, chimeric simian human immunodeficiency virus (SIV/SHIV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in co-infected macaques.
Female rhesus macaques (n = 6) chronically infected with SIVmac239 (n = 4) or SHIV3618MTF (n = 2) were also inoculated subcutaneously with 104 plaque forming unit (PFU) of ZIKV PRVABC59. Blood collection was performed according to the study plan on 0, 4, 7, 9, 15, 26 and 51 days post inoculation (dpi) with ZIKV for SIV co-infected individuals and on 0, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 20 dpi with ZIKV for SHIV co-infected individuals. Day 0 (D0) was the day of inoculation with ZIKV. RNA was extracted from collected plasma samples through the use of QiAmp RNA mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), and viral loads were measured using one-step real time RT-PCR detection method. Viral loads were presented in Log10 RNA copies per milliliter (ml) of plasma. A, schema of time-course sampling in study plan of SIV (n = 4) and SHIV (n = 2) co-infection with ZIKV in rhesus macaques. B, viral load status of SIV in individual (black) and the mean value (red) of all SIV-ZIKV co-infected animals (n = 4) in days post ZIKV inoculation. C, viral load status of ZIKV in individual (black) and the mean value (blue) of all SIV-ZIKV co-infected animals (n = 4) in days post ZIKV inoculation. Bars indicate standard deviation (±SD) of mean values (n = 4). D, viral load status of SHIV in individual SHIV-ZIKV co-infected animals (n = 2) in days post ZIKV inoculation. E, viral load status of ZIKV in individual SHIV-ZIKV co-infected animals (n = 2) in days post ZIKV inoculation.
Table 1.
Details of the macaques utilized in this study.
Fig 2.
The heat map of cytokines/chemokines measurement screening in simian immunodeficiency virus—Zika virus (SIV-ZIKV) co-infected monkeys.
Using plasma samples as described in Fig 1, D0 to D26 post inoculation with ZIKV, Luminex assay was performed to screen all relevant cytokines/chemokines measurements. Using R, a heat map was designed and drawn based on the median value (n = 3) of cytokines/chemokines measurement on D0, D4, D7, D9, and D26 post inoculation with ZIKV in SIV-ZIKV co-infected animals. Raw values for each of the cytokines/chemokines were normalized to the mean of the baselines (S1A Table), log2-transformed (S1B Table) and then subjected to hierarchical clustering. Heat maps were generated using heatmap 2 of R package plots. Values denoted as −3 to +3 represent a decrease to an increase in the levels relative to baseline values for each of chemokines/cytokines analyzed, that is, BLC, B lymphocyte chemoattractant; IP-10, interferon-γ-induced protein 10; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; RANTES, regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted; I-TAC, interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; IFN-α and -γ, interferon-α and -γ; IL, interleukin; SDF-1α, and stromal cell-derived factor.