Fig 1.
a. Location of Chaco Province, northeastern Argentina, within the Gran Chaco ecoregion. b. Location of Pampa del Indio municipality within Chaco Province. c. Urban, peri-urban and rural areas (I-IV) of the municipality.
Table 1.
Type and coverage of house infestation surveys and spraying with pyrethroid insecticides in Area III of Pampa del Indio, 2008–2015.
Only occupied houses are included.
Fig 2.
Status of house units over time (A: total and occupied; B: new, demolished and vacant) and survival curves of baseline-infested, -non-infested and -occupied house units (C) in Area III of Pampa del Indio, 2008–2015.
Table 2.
Characteristics of domestic premises, household size and vector control practices in Area III of Pampa del Indio, 2008–2015.
Table 3.
Distribution of household mobility and origin of new occupants in Area III of Pampa del Indio, 2008–2012 and 2012–2015.
Fig 3.
Prevalence of house infestation (bars) and relative abundance (circles: median; bars: first and third quartiles) of A) Triatoma infestans and B) Triatoma sordida in domestic and peridomestic premises in Area III of Pampa del Indio, 2008–2015.
Numbers above bars indicate the number of occupied houses inspected in each survey. The y axis scale differs between graphs.
Fig 4.
Comparison between householders’ notifications of the presence of T. infestans or any triatomine species and the outcome of other vector detection methods (including timed-manual searches, during insecticide spraying and householders’ bug collections) in Area III of Pampa del Indio, 2008–2015.
Only notifications of Triatominae (without distinguishing species) were registered at 38 and 59 MPS.
Table 4.
Mortality of T. infestans populations in pyrethroid-resistance bioassays, Area III of Pampa del Indio, 2008 (baseline).
Fig 5.
Spatial distribution of baseline (A) and post-spraying (B) house infestation with T. infestans (circles), housing instability (heat map) and high-density areas with housing improvements (contour lines). C. Evidence of pyrethroid resistance at baseline and post-spraying house infestation with T. infestans in Area III of Pampa del Indio, 2008–2015. The maps were created in QGIS 2.18.16. based on the data collected within the scope of this study (S3 Table).
Table 5.
Post-spraying domestic infestation with Triatoma infestans according to housing stability and improvements in Area III of Pampa del Indio, 2008–2012.
The table includes only occupied houses inspected at least once over 10–49 MPS and excludes the three putative residual foci detected at 10 MPS.