Fig 1.
Summary of study design.
Fig 2.
Map of soums where engorged ticks were collected in Mongolia.
Soums of tick collection sites were highlighted using ArcGIS 10.4 (ESRI, Redlands, CA). Maps were downloaded from Mongolian Environmental Health Geodatabase (http://www.eic.mn/).
Fig 3.
Map of larval/nymphal tick collection sites in Mongolia.
GPS data points of tick collection sites were downloaded into ArcGIS 10.4 (ESRI, Redlands, CA). Maps were downloaded from Mongolian Environmental Health Geodatabase (http://www.eic.mn/).
Table 1.
Summary of primers used in molecular assays.
Fig 4.
Evolutionary relationships of Rickettsia spp. ompA.
The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method [38]. The bootstrap consensus tree inferred from 10,000 replicates is taken to represent the evolutionary history of the taxa analyzed [39]. Branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50% bootstrap replicates are collapsed. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (10,000 replicates) are shown next to the branches [39]. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Kimura 2-parameter method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site [40]. The analysis involved 17 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All ambiguous positions were removed for each sequence pair. There were a total of 642 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA7 [41].
Fig 5.
Evolutionary relationships of Rickettsia spp. gltA.
The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method [38]. The bootstrap consensus tree inferred from 10,000 replicates is taken to represent the evolutionary history of the taxa analyzed [39]. Branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50% bootstrap replicates are collapsed. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (10,000 replicates) are shown next to the branches [39]. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Kimura 2-parameter method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site [40]. The analysis involved 18 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All ambiguous positions were removed for each sequence pair. There were a total of 1254 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA7 [41].
Fig 6.
Evolutionary relationships of Anaplasma spp. 16S rRNA gene.
The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method [38]. The bootstrap consensus tree inferred from 10,000 replicates is taken to represent the evolutionary history of the taxa analyzed [39]. Branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50% bootstrap replicates are collapsed. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (10,000 replicates) are shown next to the branches [39]. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Kimura 2-parameter method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site [40]. The analysis involved 19 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All ambiguous positions were removed for each sequence pair. There were a total of 1518 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA7 [41].