Table 1.
Hospital based (inpatient) paediatric enteric fever surveillance.
Fig 1.
Nepal paediatric S. Typhi genotypes.
(A) Genotypes observed per annum. (B) Genotypes observed per age in years. Individual S. Typhi genotypes are coloured as described in the inset legend.
Fig 2.
Global population structure of Nepalese S. Typhi genotypes.
(A) Global population structure of Non-H58 (4.3.1) Nepalese genotypes. (B) Global population structure of H58 (4.3.1). Inner ring shows patient status. Branch colours indicate country/region of origin, as do the second ring and third rings from the inside. Fourth ring from the inside indicates QRDR gyrA S83F mutation. Fifth ring from the inside indicates the number of additional gyrA and parC QRDR mutations. Outer ring describes the presence of MDR. All rings and branches are coloured as per the inset legend. Branch lengths are indicative of the estimated number of substitutions rate per variable site, and the tree was outgroup rooted with a S. Paratyphi A strain AKU_12601.
Fig 3.
Global population structure of S. Paratyphi A.
Inner ring indicates patient status. Branch colours indicate country/region of origin, as do the second and third rings from the inside. Fourth ring from the inside indicates QRDR gyrA S83F mutation. Fifth ring from the inside indicates the number of additional gyrA and parC QRDR mutations. Outer ring describes the presence of MDR. All rings and branches are.
Fig 4.
Bars are coloured as described in the inset legend.
Susceptibility to Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Cotrimoxazole, Nalidixic acid, Cephalosporin, Ceftriaxone, Cefixime, and Azithromycin were tested. No resistance to Azithromycin, Ceftriaxone, and Cefixime was observed.
Table 2.
Genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance in paediatric isolates from Nepal.
Fig 5.
Insertion sites of transposons observed in S. Typhi from Nepal.
Genes and transposons are indicated according to the inset legend. TSD indicates target site duplication, and Tn indicates transposon.
Fig 6.
BEAST2 maximum-clade credibility phylogenetic tree of Nepalese genotype 4.3.1 (H58) S. Typhi.
Tips colours indicate outpatient (red) vs. inpatient (blue) isolates. Acquisitions of molecular determinants of resistance are labelled.