Fig 1.
Area where CDC traps were installed for sand fly fauna studies: Foz do Iguaçu city; T1 and T2 transects areas (between Foz do Iguaçu and Santa Terezinha de Itaipu); Santa Terezinha de Itaipu city.
Municipal, State and International borders Map was produced with http://www.visualizador.inde.gov.br/.
Fig 2.
Phlebotominae sand fly distribution in the three survey areas (Foz do Iguaçu, Santa Terezinha de Itaipu and transects).
Satellite image free downloaded from https://landsatlook.usgs.gov/.
Table 1.
Survey of environmental variables in meso and micro-scale and sand fly food source and their contribution (assessed using maximum entropy approach) to the presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Nyssomyia whitmani in the Brazilian side of the triple border.
Fig 3.
Bayesian tree constructed for the identification of Leishmania found in sand flies from Foz do Iguaçu, Santa Terezinha de Itaipu and transects.
Only posterior probabilities higher than 0.95 are presented.
Table 2.
Number of traps (Nt) examined, and number (N) and percentage (within parentheses) of positive traps for Lutzomyia longipalpis and Nyssomyia whitmani in three habitats (rural, ruro-urban and urban) in Foz do Iguaçu, Santa Terezinha de Itaipu and two transects between these cities.
Table 3.
Number of positive traps (Nt) and number of sampled sand flies (Nsf) in each area and of each sand fly species.
The number inside the parenthesis represents the percentage of positive traps and the percentage of each species in each area. A total of 123 traps in Foz do Iguaçu, 40 traps in the transect and 33 traps in the Santa Terezinha de Itaipu was assessed.
Table 4.
Relative abundance of the predominant species in the Foz do Iguaçu, Transects and Santa Terezinha de Itaipu (STI).
Table 5.
Number of females assessed and of positive PCR-RFLP for Leishmania species, and the identification of the Leishmania species in sand flies collected in Foz do Iguaçu, along the transects (T1 and T2), and Santa Terezinha de Itaipu.
Table 6.
Identification of the blood meal sources in 16 females Lutzomyia longipalpis captured in the Brazilian side of the triple border.
Fig 4.
Abundance and spatial Lutzomyia longipalpis distribution showing the number of collected specimens: (A) hydrographic network, (B) forest remnant, (C) hypsometry in m, (D) normalized vegetation index—winter period, (E) normalized vegetation index summer period, (F) normalized vegetation index—spring period, (G) winter temperatures, (H) summer temperature, (I) average temperature over the last 30 years in Foz of Iguaçu (FI) and transects areas (T1 + T2) October/November 2014 and Santa Terezinha de Itaipu (STI) October 2015. The following layers were used for the maps building: 1) Hydrographic network from Institute of the Waters of Parana available in http://www.aguasparana.pr.gov.br/; 2) Remaining fragments of vegetation, NDVI and Digital terrain model in Landsat 8 sensor. Image courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey https://lta.cr.usgs.gov/citation/ and https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/. Legends: AR–Argentine, PY- Paraguay.
Fig 5.
Abundance and spatial Nyssomyia whitmani distribution showing the number of collected specimens: (A) hydrographic network, (B) forest remnant, (C) hypsometry in m: (D) normalized vegetation index—winter period, (E) normalized vegetation index summer period, (F) normalized vegetation index spring period, (G) winter temperatures, (H) summer temperature, (I) average temperature over the last 30 years in Foz do Iguaçu (FI) and transect areas (T1 + T2) October/November 2014 and Santa Terezinha de Itaipu (STI) October 2015. The following layers were used for the maps building: 1) Hydrographic network from Institute of the Waters of Parana available in http://www.aguasparana.pr.gov.br/; 2) Remaining fragments of vegetation, NDVI and Digital terrain model in Landsat 8 sensor. Image courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey https://lta.cr.usgs.gov/citation/ and https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/. Legends: AR–Argentine, PY- Paraguay.
Fig 6.
Loadings of the variables public services, temperature and humidity, food supply, site, mesoscale, microscale analyzed in each group.
Fig 7.
Network of influence of the public services, temperature and humidity, food supply, site, mesoscale, microscale on the abundance of Nyyssomyia whitmani and Lutzomyia longipalpis.