Fig 1.
Schematic representation of the bacterial colonies isolation and identification procedure.
Fig 2.
(A) Aspect of some gut isolated bacterial colonies grown on Luedemann medium. (B) Example of PCR-ITS analysis performed on 49 out of 556 bacterial colonies isolated from the guts of colony-reared and field-collected sandflies. * indicates the 25 individual ITS-PCR profiles whose colonies were further analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing.
Table 1.
Bacterial species assignation.
Fig 3.
DGGE profile of amplified gene fragments of bacterial 16S rDNA from midguts of P. perniciosus on polyacrylamide gel (7%) and band identification for subsequent sequence analysis.
Fig 4.
(A) Composition of the bacterial phyla found in Lutzomyia genus and Phlebotomus genus sand flies. Pie charts show the proportion of each of the five phyla detected namely Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi. (B) Relative proportion of Proteobacterial classes observed in Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus genera sand flies, respectively on the left and relative proportion of Firmicutes bacterial classes found in Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus genera respectively on the right. (C) Relative proportion of the major families of bacteria in the gammaproteobacterial class: “Enterobacteriales” order (Enterobacteriaceae), the Pseudomonadales order (Moraxellaceae and Pseudomonadaceae), the Xanthomonadales order (Xanthomonadaceae) and the Legionellales order (Coxiellaceae) in Lutzomyia (right panel) and Phlebotomus (left panel).
Fig 5.
Bacterial genera (part I) and species (part II) shared by two or more of the eleven Phlebotominae sand flies species.
Color chart indicate the occurrence of the bacterial genera or species.
Fig 6.
Network analysis showing the shared bacteria species found in Phlebotomus sand flies including P. argentipes, P. duboscqii, P. halepensis, P. papatasi, P. perlifiliewi, P. perniciosus, P. sergenti, and P. chinensis) identified by squares surrounded by green and bacteria found in Lutzomyia sand flies including L. evansi, L. cruzi and L. longipalpis identified with squares surrounded by blue.
Shared bacteria are identified by the same colours used in Fig 5.
Fig 7.
Shannon’s diversity (left side) and Simpson’s diversity values (right side) for Lutzomyia (Lutz) and Phlebotomus (Phle).
Error bars are 95% confidence interval.
Fig 8.
(A) Dynamic of the midgut bacterial richness and abundance during July, September, and October 2011. An ITS-PCR profile was assigned to a bacterial species and identified by the sequencing of the 16S rDNA locus. The percentage of each bacterial species was obtained by counting the number of colonies having the same ITS-PCR profile and expressed as a percentage of the total colonies isolated during the considered month. (B) Shannon’s diversity value (left side) and Simpson’s diversity value (right side) for the months of July, September and October respectively. Error bars are 95% confidence interval. (C) Correspondance analysis (CA) based on bacterial species frequencies (in black) according the different months (July, September and October in blue). Bacteria are identified by an abbreviation: Ba, Bacillus; Br, Brevundimonas; En, Enterococcus, Ko, Kocuria; Ly, Lysinibacillus; Mib, Microbacterium; Mic, Micrococcus; Oc, Ochrobactrum; No, Nocardia; Rh, Rhizobium; Ro, Roseomonas; Sa, Sacharomonospora; Se, Serratia; Sp, Sporosarcina; Ste, Stenotrophomonas; St, Staphylococcus.