Fig 1.
Phylogeny of the CYP superfamily from R. prolixus (VectorBase ID shown), T. infestans (TRIIN), T. dimidiata (TRIDI), T. pallidipennis (TRIPA) and D. melanogaster (DROME).
(A) Phylogeny of mitochondrial clade. (B) Phylogeny of CYP2 clade. (C) Phylogeny of CYP3 clade. (D) Phylogeny of CYP4 clade. The sequence of Neurotactin from D. melanogaster (CG9704) was used as outgroup. The triatomine sequences are painted in grey.
Table 1.
Gene numbers of GST, CYP and CCE superfamilies from R. prolixus genome and from T. dimidiata, T. infestans and T. pallidipennis transcriptomes in comparison with other insect species.
Numbers were derived from Claudianos et al. (2006), Feyereisen et al. (2006 and 2012), Oakeshott et al. (2010), Ramsey et al. (2010), Shi et al. (2012) and http://drnelson.uthsc.edu/aphid.htm. (*) Shi et al. (2012) found one Epsilon GST in A. pisum while Ramsey et al. (2010) did not find any Epsilon GST.
Fig 2.
Heat maps comparing expression levels of CYP members in antennae and the central nervous system (CNS) of R. prolixus in different conditions. (A) Mitochondrial clade. (B) CYP2 clade. (C) CYP3 clade. (D) CYP4 clade.
In each figure, on the left, expression levels in larvae (L), female (F) and male (M) adult antennae; on the right, expression levels in the central nervous system (CNS) from adult bugs in basal condition (B), one, four and twenty-four hours after blood ingestion. Expression levels (represented as Log10 FPKM +1) were depicted with a color scale, in which white represents lower expression and yellow represents higher expression. The phylogenetic classification of CYP members according to Schama et al. (2015) is shown on the left.
Fig 3.
Phylogeny of the CCE superfamily from R. prolixus (VectorBase ID shown), T. infestans (TRIIN), T. dimidiata (TRIDI), T. pallidipennis (TRIPA) and D. melanogaster (DROME).
The sequence of Cyp4c3 from D. melanogaster (CG14031) was used as outgroup. The letters depicted next to the dots in the branches of the tree indicate the delimitation of each clade.
Fig 4.
Heat maps comparing CCE expression levels in antennae and the central nervous system (CNS) of R. prolixus in different conditions.
On the left, expression levels in larvae (L), female (F) and male (M) adult antennae. On the right, expression levels in central nervous system from adult bugs in basal condition (B), one, four and twenty-four hours after blood ingestion. Expression levels (represented as Log10 FPKM +1) were depicted with a color scale, in which white represents lower expression and yellow represents higher expression. The classification according the phylogenetic tree is shown on the left.
Fig 5.
Phylogeny of the Glutathione Transferase superfamily from R. prolixus (VectorBase ID shown), T. infestans (TRIIN), T. dimidiata (TRIDI), T. pallidipennis (TRIPA) and D. melanogaster (DROME).
The sequence of Cyp4c3 from D. melanogaster (CG14031) was used as outgroup.
Fig 6.
Heat maps comparing Glutathione Transferase expression levels in antennae and the central nervous system (CNS) of R. prolixus in different conditions.
On the left, expression levels in larvae (L), female (F) and male (M) adult antennae. On the right, expression levels in the central nervous system from adult bugs in basal condition (B), one, four and twenty-four hours after blood ingestion. Expression levels (represented as Log10 FPKM +1) were depicted with a color scale, in which white represents lower expression and yellow represents higher expression. The classification according the phylogenetic tree is shown on the left.
Fig 7.
Gene expression analysis of detoxification-related genes in T. infestans from a sensitive laboratory (S) and a resistant (R) population.
Results are expressed as the mean ± S.E (n = 4/group) of the fold difference respect to average for the sensitive population. * = p<0.05.