Fig 1.
Differentially expressed cytokines in acute samples as compared to baseline.
Median cytokine values in children at baseline (1 month post-dose 3) (N = 40) and during the acute phase of dengue illness (N = 33) irrespective of treatment group. Upper error bars represent the 75% (Q3) percentile; the lower error bars represent the 25% (Q1) percentile. Cytokines with a significant difference (p<0.05) are marked with an asterisk. Values below the lower limit of quantification were replaced by half of the limit of quantification.
Fig 2.
IL-1Ra and MCP-1 levels are significantly different between groups.
Median cytokine values in children during the acute phase of dengue illness in CYD-TDV (N = 99) and placebo (N = 108) recipients. Upper error bars represent the 75% (Q3) percentile; the lower error bars represent the 25% (Q1) percentile. Cytokines with a significant difference (p<0.05) are marked with an asterisk. Values below the limit of quantification were replaced by half of the limit of quantification.
Fig 3.
IL-1Ra and MCP-1 levels are significantly different between groups in severe cases.
Box and whisker plots of circulating IL-1Ra (left panel) and MCP-1 (right panel) levels during the acute phase of dengue illness in CYD-TDV and placebo recipients: (A) irrespective of severity (CYD-TDV N = 99, Placebo N = 108); (B) in severe cases (CYD-TDV N = 24, Placebo N = 28); and (C) in non-severe cases (CYD-TDV N = 74, Placebo N = 80). The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile, the line within the box marks the median, and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile. Whiskers (error bars) above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th percentiles. The individual points represent outliers. Values below the lower limit of quantification were replaced by half of the limit of quantification. Significant differences are indicated by *p < 0.05 and **p ≤ 0.01.
Fig 4.
Higher IL-1Ra and IP-10 and lower EGF and sCD40L levels in severe cases.
Box and whisker plots of circulating IL-1Ra (A), EGF (B), sCD40L (C) and IP-10 (D) levels during the acute phase of dengue illness in severe (N = 52 for IL-IRA and EGF, N = 50 for sCD40L and IP-10) and non-severe (N = 154 for IL-IRA and EGF, N = 148 for sCD40L and IP-10) cases irrespective of the treatment group. The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile, the line within the box marks the median, and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile. Whiskers (error bars) above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th percentiles. The individual points represent outliers. Values below the lower limit of quantification were replaced by half of the limit of quantification. Significant differences are indicated by *p < 0.05 and ***p ≤ 0.001.
Table 1.
Cytokines with significant differences between children aged < 9 years or ≥ 9 years in the CYD-TDV or placebo groups.
Data shown are geometric mean (GM), median, min and max values and the p-values calculated with the Wilcoxon Test (if data were not distributed normally) or Student Test (if data were normally distributed). Significant differences are highlighted in bold.
Fig 5.
Significant differences in IL-10 and MCP-1 levels between groups among <9 year old children.
Box and whisker plots of circulating (A) IL-10 and (B) MCP-1 levels during the acute phase of dengue illness in CYD-TDV and placebo recipients in children <9 years of age (CYD-TDV N = 43, Placebo N = 27) and ≥9 years of age (CYD-TDV N = 56, Placebo N = 81). The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile, the line within the box marks the median, and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile. Whiskers (error bars) above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th percentiles. Values below the lower limit of quantification were replaced by half of the limit of quantification. Significant differences are indicated by *p < 0.05.