Fig 1.
Volunteer enrollment and study scheme.
Fig 2.
Mosquito factors affecting infectivity.
A) Influence of mosquito age and density; mosquitoes aged 2, 4 and 8 days at the indicated densities per cage were assessed for infectivity. Data is shown as delta analysis. B) Correlation between PCR targeting 18s and microscopy measurement of infectivity in mosquitoes at day 7 following feeding.
Fig 3.
Levels of molecular markers observed by infective and non-infective samples. Pvs25: mature gametocytes; Pvs16: immature gametocytes; MAK-2: male gametocytes; Nek-4 female gametocytes. A total of 94 infected blood samples were used to correlate P. vivax infectivity with gametocyte markers.
Fig 4.
Effect of the incubation time.
A) Time course of the parasite infectivity after 0, 4, 8, 24 hours of Blood draw. B) Pvs25 expression after blood draws. C) Pvs16 expression after blood draws. A total of 24 independent assays varying the incubation time were performed with different P. vivax isolates of which 11 were infective. Each data point represents the average of 11 independent assays.
Fig 5.
Cytokines levels (pg/mL) of 24 P. vivax volunteers.
Levels of cytokines measured in P. vivax-infected volunteers bitten by 30 uninfected An. albimanus mosquitoes during DFA are shown divided in two categories: non-infective and infective to mosquitoes (median + interquartile range).
Fig 6.
MFA and DFA infectivity comparison.
A) Mosquito infection rate correlation B) Oocyst infection intensity comparison. A total of 24 independent assays were performed.