Fig 1.
Control strategies used against schistosomiasis during the past century.
Fig 2.
Strategy details for schistosomiasis control: the current paradigm and an alternative based on past successes.
(A) The current paradigm for global schistosomiasis control, adapted from [30], and (B) an alternative strategy based on historical successes (this paper). MDA = mass drug administration, TAT = targeted (“test-and-treat”) chemotherapy.
Fig 3.
Countries and territories evaluated and their outcomes for schistosomiasis control or elimination.
“Successful” = there was a control program that preceded elimination or non-endemic status; “Fortuitous elimination” = elimination or non-endemic status with no control program; “Minimal control” = endemic disease in the face of minimal to no control, even if there were some pilot or small-scale programs; “Not (yet) successful” = endemic disease with a past or present control program.
Table 1.
Countries and territories evaluated and their success categories, prevalence reduction, and percent reduction in population at risk for schistosomiasis (as a proportion of the total population).
Fig 4.
Schistosomiasis control programs over time.
See Fig 5 for more details on control strategies and outcomes.
Table 2.
Logistic regression for elimination/non-endemicity.
*
Fig 5.
Schistosomiasis prevalence change over time.
Prevalence change by control program strategy (time 0 on the x-axis is set when control began; negative values for the normalized year show data n years before control started and positive values n years after).
Fig 6.
Prevalence change by extent of snail control, or MDA, or both—see text for category definitions.
Table 3.
Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM, see S2 and S3 Tables) comparing change in prevalence for control programs using: MDA with praziquantel, snail control primarily (snail control), both (MDA + snail control), or minimal control (<30% coverage, “low coverage,” not shown).
Fig 7.
Sensitivity of schistosome prevalence reduction to the infected population size before the control program began.
Fig 8.
Per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as it relates to control strategy and control start date in each country.
Points represent mean inflation-adjusted, per-capita GDP throughout the relevant time for which disease data were available, and bars represent the range.