Fig 1.
Geographic distribution of trapping sites for A. agrarius collected in Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces, the Republic of Korea.
A map shows the trapping sites where A. agrarius was captured from 2003–2014. Color circles indicate the places where the positivity of HTNV was shown by RT-PCR; Dagmar North (DN), red; Twin Bridge Training Area North (TBTA-N), violet; TBTA South (TBTA-S), yellowish green; Nightmare Range (NR), green; Fire Point 131 (FP131), orange; Cheorwon, black; Hwacheon, cyan; opened circles indicate the places where no HTNV RNA was identified.
Table 1.
Total number and screening results of A. agrarius collected from Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces in the Republic of Korea, 2003–2014.
Fig 2.
The serological and molecular prevalence of HTNV from A. agrarius in Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces.
A total of 5,929 A. agrarius were captured in the Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces from 2003–2014. A total of 774 A. agrarius were seropositive for anti-HTNV IgG (shown by black bars). Grey bars represent 544/774 A. agrarius that were positive for the partial HTNV M segment. Arabic number above the bars indicates the number of IFA and RT-PCR positive rodents, respectively.
Table 2.
Accession number of the whole genome sequences of HTNV collected from Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces.
Fig 3.
Phylogenetic analysis of whole HTNV L segment genomic sequences in Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces.
The full-length sequences of the HTNV L segment were obtained from lung tissues of A. agrarius in Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces. A phylogenetic tree was generated by the ML method. Topologies were evaluated by bootstrap analyses of 1000 iterations. The TN93 (Tamura-Nei)+G model of evolution was used, based on an alignment of the entire nucleotide sequence of the L segment, including strains HTN 76–118 (X55901) and HTN HV004 (JQ083393).
Fig 4.
Phylogenetic analysis of whole HTNV M segment genomic sequences in Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces.
The full-length sequences of the HTNV M segment were obtained from lung tissues of A. agrarius in Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces. A phylogenetic tree was generated by the ML method. Topologies were evaluated by bootstrap analyses of 1000 iterations. The T92 (Tamura 3-parameter)+G model of evolution was used, based on an alignment of the entire nucleotide sequence of the M segment, including strains HTN 76–118 (M14627) and HTN HV004 (JQ083394).
Fig 5.
Phylogenetic analysis of whole HTNV S segment genomic sequences in Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces.
The full-length sequences of the HTNV S segment were obtained from lung tissues of A. agrarius in Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces. A phylogenetic tree was generated by the ML method. Topologies were evaluated by bootstrap analyses of 1000 iterations. The T92+G model of evolution was used, based on an alignment of the nucleotide sequence of the S segment, including strains HTN 76–118 (M14626) and HTN HV004 (JQ083395).
Fig 6.
Evidence of a possible genetic reassortment event between HTNV strains in the ROK.
(A) p-values from the RDP program. (B) The Bootscan plot was based on a pairwise distance model by the RDP4 algorithm. A Bootscan Support Percent of over 70% (cutoff value) was considered significant. Cyan color represents for the comparison of the 7 group (DN, Paju) to the 6 group (Hwacheon); Violet color represents for the comparison of the 7 group (DN, Paju) to the 2 group (TBTA-N, Paju). (C) A reassortant, in-, and out-groups of HTNV were phylogenetically analyzed by the construction of individual ML trees for the L, M, and S segments. The reassortant (the 7 group) is shown in red color. The 6 group (Hwacheon) and the 2 group (TBTA-N, Paju) are indicated by cyan and violet colors, respectively.