Fig 1.
Brazil study site sampling locations.
A) The study site, Itaberaba, a suburb of the city of Juazeiro, Bahia State, Brazil. B) MRR release points (numbered squares) and sampling locations (green circles) within households distributed across the sampling grid at the study site.
Fig 2.
Examples of different kernel interpretations for the negative exponential (A, B and C) and exponential power (D, E and F) kernels. The distance pdf is shown in panels A and D. The density with respect to distance is shown in panels B and E and the density pdf is illustrated in panels C and F (after Cousens et al. [25]). Kernels in A, D, C and F integrate to unity (in 1 dimension for the distance pdfs and 2 dimensions for the density pdfs).
Fig 3.
Recaptures for three MRR experiments at the field site in Brazil.
Numbered squares represent the two release points for MRR experiments. Coloured circles indicate the location and size of recaptures for three separate MRR releases (insects marked with red, yellow and blue fluorescent powder).
Table 1.
Summary data of the three MRR experiments in Brazil.
Fig 4.
Dispersal kernel summary for the Brazil analysis.
A) Maximum likelihood estimate of density with respect to distance for Brazil data. B) Maximum likelihood distance pdf. C) The log-likelihood surface with respect to kernel parameters a and b, coloured points highlight the MLE (black, log-likelihood = -128.1) and examples of extreme 95% CI (green, light blue, dark blue and mauve) kernel parameter combinations. The dotted line demarks the 95% confidence interval contour. Solid black contour lines are at intervals of 10 log-likelihood. Examples of D) distance densities and E) distance pdfs from the 95% confidence interval range corresponding to the coloured points shown in panel C.
Table 2.
Brazil model performance and kernel parameter estimates.
Table 3.
Brazil model coefficient estimates.
Table 4.
Malaysia model performance and kernel parameter estimates.
Fig 5.
Dispersal kernel summary for the Malaysian analysis.
A) Maximum likelihood estimate density with respect to distance for Malaysian data. B) Maximum likelihood distance pdf. C) The log-likelihood surface with respect to kernel parameters a and b, coloured points highlight the MLE (black, log-likelihood = -328) and examples of extreme 95% CI (green, light blue, dark blue and mauve) kernel parameter combinations. The dotted line demarks the 95% confidence interval contour. Solid black contour lines are at intervals of 10 log-likelihood. Examples of D) distance densities and E) distance pdf from the 95% confidence interval range corresponding to the coloured points shown in panel C.
Table 5.
Malaysia model coefficient estimates.
Fig 6.
A comparison of the A) distance pdf and B) density with respect to distance for estimates using MRR data from Brazil (solid blue line) and Malaysia (dashed pink line). The comparison highlights the similarity in estimated kernels for experiments conducted on different continents, in different habitats.
Table 6.
Summary of a literature review of male Ae. aegypti dispersal estimates.