Fig 1.
Life cycle variation among African trypanosomes.
The passage and development of African trypanosomes through the fly vector varies by species. The figure shows the route taken by each species through the vector and position of each developmental stage. Insect anatomy is abbreviated thus: proboscis (P), mid-gut (MG), salivary gland (SG) and proventriculus (PV). The life cycle within the fly is defined here by four stages: (1) Ingestion of bloodstream-form parasites; (2) migration of parasites to the insect mid-gut with differentiation into procyclic forms (T. vivax lacks this stage); (3) migration anteriorly to the proboscis (T. vivax), proventriculus (T. congolense) or salivary gland (T. brucei) and differentiation into epimastigote forms; and (4) differentiation into metacyclic forms and inoculation into the vertebrate host upon insect feeding.
Fig 2.
Fold changes in peptide abundance for 128 proteins when comparing insect stage (i.e. epimastigote (EPI) or procyclic form (PCF) and bloodstream forms (BSF), across three species.
The phylogram shown at the top describes the overall similarity of the four datasets. The dendrogram at the left describes how the proteins cluster by expression profile. Blue shades indicate insect-stage expression; yellow shades indicate vertebrate-stage expression. Subset ‘a’ are preferentially expressed in insect stages of all species. Subset ‘b’ are enriched during the vertebrate stage of all species. Subset ‘c’ is preferentially expressed in insect stages of T. vivax only.
Fig 3.
Fold changes in peptide abundance for 714 proteins when comparing insect stage (i.e. epimastigote (EPI) or procyclic form (PCF) and bloodstream forms (BSF), in T. brucei and T. vivax.
The asterisk denotes an expanded cohort of insect-specific proteins in T. vivax, corresponding to subset c in Fig 2.
Table 1.
Fold change in peptide abundance for 27 loci that show preferential expression in the bloodstream form of T. vivax and in the insect (procyclic) stage of T. brucei.
Fig 4.
Differential expression of Trypanosoma vivax-specific genes belonging to Cell Surface Phylome families 27–45.
The maximum likelihood phylogenies of 19 CSP families unique to T. vivax are shown at left. Node labels are omitted for clarity. Each terminal tip corresponds to a locus. Transcript abundance and peptide abundance are shown adjacent to each tip by horizontal bars color-coded by stage. Transcripts or peptides that also showed significant differential expression, (as defined in the text), are indicated by bold bars.
Table 2.
Preferential expression of T. vivax-specific Cell Surface Phylome (CSP) gene families based on fold change (FC) in transcript (a) and peptide (b) abundance across three life cycle stages.
Table 3.
Preferential expression of (a) transcripts and (b) peptides belonging to Fam50 (BARP-like genes) in specific life cycle stages.
Table 4.
Preferential expression of (a) transcripts and (b) peptides belonging to variant surface glycoprotein-like genes.
Fig 5.
Energy metabolism in African trypanosomes, noting the position of enzymes with T. vivax-specific developmental regulation.
Glycolysis takes place within a specialized organelle, the glycosome, after which further substrate level phosphorylation takes place through the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate ultimately to succinate in the glycosome, and through the conversion of pyruvate into acetate in the mitochondrion. Points marked with red dots and labels shaded red refer to proteins that are preferentially expressed during the vertebrate stage of T. vivax but in the insect stages of T. brucei (after Besteiro et al. 2005). Note that we could not differentiate between cytosolic and glycosomal phosophoglycerate kinase isoforms using our proteomic data. Abbreviations: 1,3BPGA, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate; CoASH, coenzyme A; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; F-6-P, fructose 6-phosphate; FBP, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; G-3-P, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; G-6-P, glucose 6-phosphate; GLU, glutamate; Gly-3-P, glycerol 3-phosphate; Oxac, oxaloacetate; PEP,phosphoenolpyruvate; 3-PGA, 3-phosphoglycerate; SucCoA, succinyl-CoA. Enzymes are: 1) hexokinase: 2) glucose-6-phosphate isomerase; 3) phosphofructokinase; 4) aldolase; 5) triose-phosphate isomerase; 6) glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; 7) glycerol kinase; 8) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; 9) phosphoglycerate mutase; 10) enolase; 11) pyruvate kinase; 12) pyruvate phosphate dikinase; 13) glycosomal fumarase; 14) NADH-dependent fumarate reductase; 15) acetate:succinate CoA-transferase; 16) possibly acetyl-CoA synthetase.