Table 1.
S. haematobium prevalence results according to single urine filtration readings.
Table 2.
S. haematobium prevalences in children visiting 16 primary schools on Pemba in 2013, stratified by diagnostic approach.
Fig 1.
Flowchart detailing study participation and urine sampling procedures.
Flowchart indicating the inclusion and exclusion of data for determining the accuracy of different methods for the diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium in children from Pemba, United Republic of Tanzania, in 2013. UCP-LF CAA: up-converting phosphor-lateral flow assay detecting circulating anodic antigen in urine; UCAA2000: UCP-LF CAA prepared with 1.5 ml of urine; UCAA250: UCP-LF CAA prepared with 250 μl of urine.
Fig 2.
Maps indicating Schistosoma haematobium prevalence levels according to different diagnostic tests.
The two maps indicate different S. haematobium prevalence levels as identified with a single urine filtration method (A) and a urine-based up-converting phosphor-lateral flow circulating anodic antigen (UCAA2000) assay (B) in 16 schools on Pemba island, United Republic of Tanzania, in 2013. UCAA2000: up-converting phosphor-lateral flow assay detecting circulating anodic antigen in urine and prepared with 1.5 ml of urine; green spot: school with a prevalence of <2%; yellow spot: school with a prevalence of 2–5%; orange spot: school with a prevalence of 5-<10%; red spot: school with a prevalence of ≥10%.
Table 3.
Agreement between the different diagnostic approaches.
Table 4.
Diagnostic accuracy of the tests used to detect S. haematobium infections stratified by prevalence setting.
Fig 3.
Correlation of circulating anodic antigen (CAA) levels and S. haematobium egg counts or microhematuria grading.
(A) Correlation of CAA levels (pg/ml) in 1.5 ml of urine and the number of S. haematobium eggs detected in 10 ml of urine (Spearman’s rho = 0.24; P <0.001); (B) correlation of CAA levels (pg/ml) and the microhematuria grading (Spearman’s rho = 0.23; P <0.001); and (C) correlation of S. haematobium eggs detected and microhematuria grading (Spearman’s rho = 0.57; p<0.001), in urine samples from children from Pemba, United Republic of Tanzania, collected in 2013. The horizontal continuous red line indicates the cut-off value of >0.4 pg/ml for samples clearly indicated as S. haematobium-positive by the UCAA2000 (A and B). The horizontal dotted red line indicates the cut-off value of <0.2 pg/ml for samples clearly indicated as S. haematobium-negative by the UCAA2000 (A and B). Values right from the vertical continuous red line (A) and above the horizontal continuous red line (C) indicate egg-positive urine filtration tests