Fig 1.
Section through an artificial warthog burrow.
Dashed lines indicate the frame of the box-shaped trap that could be inserted into the entrance of the burrow. The trap frame was made from 8-gauge wire and was covered with black netting of fine cloth fabric. The trap fills the mouth of the burrow, but has an opening allowing entry of flies into the trap. Flies entering the burrow flew under the lip of the trap and were retained when they headed towards the light. When the trap was not in place, female flies could deposit their larvae in the plastic trays, which were half-filled with sand, on top of which was placed a c. 2cm layer of leaf litter.
Fig 2.
Meteorological conditions at Rekomitjie.
Daily maximum temperatures (A) and mean daily relative humidity (B) recorded from an automatic meteorological station at Rekomitjie Research Station, September—November 1998. Maximum temperatures were also recorded from a mercury thermometer in a Stevenson screen.
Table 1.
The distribution of tsetse puparia collected from 16 artificial warthog burrows (sites 6 to 9) at Rekomitjie Research Station, 28 August – 8 November 1998.
Table 2.
The distribution of tsetse puparia collected from 16 artificial warthog burrows (sites 6 to 9) at Rekomitjie Research Station, 28 August – 8 November 1998.
Fig 3.
Changing rates of pupal deposition in artificial warthog burrows.
Mean numbers of G. m. morsitans and G. pallidipes puparia collected daily from four burrows at site 7, Rekomitjie Research Station between 25 August and 21 October 1998.
Table 3.
Experiment 1.
Table 4.
Species distribution (percentages in parentheses) of pre-full-term-pregnancy and perinatal female tsetse caught in 20 burrows at sites 1 to 5 at Rekomitjie Research Station, 8 September – 25 November 1998.
Fig 4.
Catches of tsetse from artificial warthog burrows.
Changes with time and daily maximum temperature in the numbers of pre-full-term-pregnancy (Pre-FT: A, C) and perinatal (B, D) female G. pallidipes captured per day in artificial warthog burrows at sites 1 to 5 at Rekomitjie Research Station. All data transformed to loge(n+1). Data shown for period 8 September to 7 November 1998: thereafter there were many zero catches.
Table 5.
The effects of calendar date (t and t2) and maximum temperature (Tmax) on daily catches of male G. m. morsitans and G. pallidipes, and females that were either pre-full-term pregnancy (pre-FT) or perinatal, from a trap inserted into the entrances of 20 burrows at sites 1 to 5 at Rekomitjie Research Station, 8 September – 25 November 1998.
Fig 5.
Predicted catches of tsetse from artificial warthog burrows.
Catches of male, and of pre-FT and perinatal female, G. pallidipes from artificial warthog burrows, predicted using the model in Table 5, assuming a constant daily maximum temperature of 37.5°C. The predicted catches were also used to estimate the proportions of perinatal flies among catches of females, and the proportions of females in the whole catch, and among pre-FT flies assumed to be using burrows as a refuge from high temperatures.
Fig 6.
Diurnal variation in catches of female tsetse from artificial warthog burrows.
Diurnal distribution of daily catches (n) of pre-full-term-pregnancy (Pre-FT) and perinatal G. m. morsitans (A, B, C) and G. pallidipes (D, E, F) from 20 artificial warthog burrows (sites 1 to 5) deployed at Rekomitjie Research Station, September—November 1998.
Fig 7.
Ages of female tsetse caught in artificial warthog burrows.
Ovarian age distributions of female G. m. morsitans (A) and G. pallidipes (B) captured in all artificial warthog burrows September—November 1998. Ovarian category zero flies, which cannot be in the perinatal group, have been omitted. Postpartum flies were assigned to the ovarian stage that they had just completed.