Table 1.
Geographic origin, date and number of Colombian Aedes aegypti mosquitoes analyzed in this study.
Fig 1.
Collection sites of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in Colombian cities of (A) Riohacha, (D) Bello and (G) Villavicencio, and the respective neighborhoods sampled in each city.
The surrounding area of each city and the studied neighborhoods (gray area) of Unión (B) and Aeropuerto (C) from RI; Cumbre (E) and Granjas (F) from BE; and Porfia (H) and Popular (I) from VI are shown in the right panel. Green, yellow and red circles indicate the spatial distribution of positive houses for Ae. aegypti in the first, second and third sampling, respectively (for details see Table 1).
Table 2.
Summary of genetic diversity and Tajima’s D neutrality tests in Colombian Ae. aegypti mosquitoes based on molecular analysis of combined COI-ND4 genes.
Fig 2.
Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of combined COI-ND4 genes in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes of Colombia.
(A) Dotted line represents inferred genetic group 1 and 2 of Colombian mosquitoes projected on the first (x-axis) and second principal coordinates (y-axis), which were derived from a PCoPA analysis. PC1 explains 79.2% of the variance whereas PC2 explains 8%; the color indicates the collection origin: BE (green), RI (blue) and VI (red); the circles, triangles and squares represent A, B, and C samplings, respectively (see Table 1 for details). (B) Box plot of PC1-eigenvalues of group 1 (n = 239) and group 2 (n = 58) derived from PCoA.
Fig 3.
Nucleotide mismatch distribution of combined COI-ND4 genes in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes of Colombia.
Histograms of mismatch distribution for (A) total haplotypes analyzed and haplotypes within each city of BE (B), RI (C) and VI (D). Color indicates collection origin: BE (green), RI (blue) and VI (red); the cross, bold crossbars and horizontal lines represent the samplings A, B, and C, respectively (see Table 1 for details).
Fig 4.
Genealogical relationship among 160 haplotypes of Colombian Ae. aegypti based on Median Joining haplotype network of combined COI-ND4 genes.
The size of the nodes corresponds to the frequency of the haplotypes; white nodes represent median vectors (hypothetical haplotypes). The black bar represents the number of mutational steps (44 steps) between the nodes of group 1 (left) and group 2 (right). Color indicates the collection origin: BE (green), RI (blue) and VI (red), and respective fill color, crossbars and diagonal lines represent A, B, and C samplings, respectively (see Table 1 for details).
Table 3.
Spatio-temporal and genetic hierarchical AMOVA in Colombian Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.
Table 4.
Spearman`s correlation test for genetic diversities of Colombian Ae. aegypti and environmental variables estimated during study in each city.
Fig 5.
Spatiotemporal distribution of group 1 (dark gray) and group 2 (clear gray) Ae. aegypti in the cities studied.
Left panel: Temporal distribution of the frequency of group 1 and group 2 of Ae. aegypti in each city. Rows represent cities and columns respective samplings A, B and C. Right panel: Spatial distribution of frequency of group 1 and group 2 Ae. aegypti across the neighborhoods of Cumbre (A) and Granjas (B) from BE; Unión (C) and Aeropuerto (D) from RI; and Porfia (E) and Popular (F) from VI.
Fig 6.
IWD interpolation analysis of group 1 (A, B) and group 2 (C, D) of Ae. aegypti in neighborhoods of Cumbre (A, C) and Granjas (B, D) of Bello (BE) city.
Green area indicates the classes of search for 0 individuals (absence), and orange areas for 1 or more individuals (presence) in each group. Black circles represent evaluated houses for Ae. aegypti.
Fig 7.
Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree of Ae. aegypti haplotypes using HKY + I + G nucleotide substitution model.
Green, blue and red taxa indicate haplotypes found exclusively in Colombian cities of BE, RI and VI, respectively. Grey taxa indicates haplotypes found in more than one city (see S4 Table). Node support bootstrap values > 70% are shown on the branch.