Figure 1.
Map of Saudi Arabia indicating the presence of sandfly vector species in several areas endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Phlebotomus papatasi is prevalent in Al Ahsa and Al Madinah. In Asir, Ph. sergenti is the most common vector species. Symbols are representative of sampling locations and do not reflect species abundance. Filled triangle: Ph. papatasi; Open triangle: Ph. bergeroti; Open circle: Ph. sergenti.
Table 1.
Sandfly species in the cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic regions.
Figure 2.
Human antibody response to Phlebotomus papatasi salivary protein PpSP32.
(a) Comparison of anti-PpSP32 antibody levels in healthy individuals from the ZCL regions of Al Ahsa and Al Madinah (b) Anti-PpSP32 antibody levels in ZCL patients with active and cured infections from Al Ahsa. (c) Anti-PpSP32 antibody levels in ZCL patients with active and cured infections from the region of Al Madinah. Control: healthy individuals; CL: active infection; CR: cured infection; OD: optical density. * P≤ .05; ** P ≤ .01; *** P ≤ .001.
Figure 3.
Antibody response to PpSP32 from patients in Asir where L. tropica is prevalent.
Sera of individuals living in the ACL endemic area of Asir region were tested for anti-PpSP32 antibodies. Control: healthy individuals; CL: active infection; CR: cured infection; OD: optical density. Significance: **P≤ .01.
Figure 4.
Levels of anti-PpSP32 antibodies in patients with active ZCL vary according to the type and size of the lesions.
(a) Anti-SP32 antibody levels were measured in patients with nodular, papular and ulcer type lesions in Al Madinah and (b) Al Ahsa. (c) Comparison of antibody levels according to ZCL lesion size in patients from Al Ahsa (** p≤0.01) and Al Madinah. (d) Antibody levels according to lesion number in Al Ahsa and Al Madinah. Control: healthy individuals; CL: active infection; CR: cured infection; OD: optical density. * P≤ .05; ** P ≤ .01; *** P ≤ .001.
Figure 5.
Differential antibody response to PpSP32 between local and non-local patients in Al Ahsa.
(A) Comparison of anti-PpSP32 antibody levels in local and nonlocal ZCL patients from Al Ahsa. (B) Comparison of lesion numbers in local residents and non-local ZCL patients in Al Ahsa. OD: optical density. *** P ≤ .001.