Table 1.
The use of human waste as an agricultural fertilizer in 36 villages in Sichuan, China.
Table 2.
Description of study participants in 36 villages in Sichuan, China.
Table 3.
The association between night soil use and S. japonicum infection in 36 villages in Sichuan, China, 2007 and 2010.
Figure 1.
The relationship between S. japonicum infection and night soil from improved and unimproved sources.
Figure shows odds ratios (points) and 95% confidence intervals (lines) estimating the association between S. japonicum infection and night soil application from improved sanitation systems (dashed lines) and unimproved sources (solid lines) in 2007 (A) and 2010 (B). A household was classified as having improved sanitation if they reported having a working anaerobic biogas digester or triple compartment septic tank. Models were adjusted for age (categorized in 10-year increments), sex, county of residence and household night soil use. Village night soil use was defined as the average quantity of night soil used by all households in the village excluding the index household and was categorized by quartiles, with the lowest quartile serving as the reference group. Unimproved night soil categories: very low (0–10 buckets), low (11–22 buckets), medium (23–48 buckets) and high (49–244 buckets). Improved night soil categories: very low (0 buckets), low (0.1–2 buckets), medium (3–11 buckets) and high (12–100 buckets).