Figure 1.
Study landscape (A) and matrix representation of the landscape in simAdapt (B).
The different habitat types, roads and lakes are represented by different colors. The black triangles represent the location of sample points from the field data in the Caicó municipality in Northeastern Brazil.
Table 1.
Initialization of state variables in the SimAdapt model.
Table 2.
Pairwise fixation index (FST) between sampling points A, B, C, D and E (in bold italic when the associated p-value was below 0.05), for the observed dataset in the Caicó municipality in Northeastern Brazil.
Figure 2.
Validation of the model initialization using the response of FST to migration rate.
FSTs between sampling points (from left to right for each migration rate: AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, BD, BE, CD, CE, DE), are represented as a function of migration rate from 0.1 to 1. Simulated results are represented using boxplots of 30 repetitions, for all values of dispersal distance (d ranging from 1 to 5 by 1), i.e. 150 pairwise FST values per boxplot. The theoretical expectation is represented by a solid grey line (FST ≈ 1/(4Nm+1) with N = 50 and m ranging continuously from 0 to 1).
Figure 3.
Goodness of fit between observed and simulated FST for T. brasiliensis in Northeastern Brazil.
The red from blue color gradient represents an Akima interpolation of the least-square optimization between observed and simulated FST for different values of vector migration rate, dispersal distance and domestic habitat attraction. FST were computed using Arlequin over the 10 couples of sampled points. Sets of simulations were repeated 30 times for each value of migration rate (m index ranging from 0.1 to 1 by 0.1), dispersal distance (d ranging from 2 to 10 km by 2 km) and domestic habitat attraction (l index ranging from 0 to 10 by 2). The plot is represented using mean values with a gradient from blue (high value, i.e., poor fit), to red (low value, i.e., good fit).
Table 3.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the effect of migration rate, dispersal distance, and domestic habitat attraction on FST.
Table 4.
Comparison of FST values between simulated and observed data using One-sample Student tests.
Figure 4.
Evolution of FST through time between two sampled locations.
Each point represents the mean of 30 repetitions. Curves were fitted to the general form of a sigmoid function using nls function in R. The different colors corresponds to scenarios with selection and with land-use change (in black); with selection and without land-use change (in red); without selection and without land-use change (in blue); and without selection and with land-use change (in grey).