Table 1.
Global description of the primates samples and overall PCR, isolation and VP1 sequencing results.
Table 2.
Identification of enterovirus types and species in captive and wild non-human primates according to their species.
Figure 1.
Phylogenetic relationships among Enterovirus A strains from human and non-human primates.
The NJ tree is based on the alignment of the full-length VP1 sequences. Viruses of non-human primates' origin are highlighted in bold red with reference to the host names in brackets. The year and country of isolation are indicated for EV-A71, EV-A76, EV-A89 and EV-A119, if known (BGD, Bangladesh; CAF, Central African Republic; CHN, China; CMR, Cameroon; COD, Democratic Republic of the Congo; FRA, France and KAZ, Kazakhstan). Strains previously reported in Cameroon (bold blue) and other central African countries (bold black) are indicated with host species in brackets. Prototype strains are highlighted by triangles (▴). The scale is shown at the bottom as substitutions per site. Viruses belonging to enterovirus species commented in the text are gathered in grey-shaded boxes.
Figure 2.
Phylogenetic relationships among Enterovirus C strains from human and non-human primates.
The NJ tree is based on the alignment of the full-length VP1 sequences. Studied viruses from apes are highlighted in bold red with host names indicated in brackets while human-derived isolates from Cameroon are specified in bold blue. Prototype strains are indicated by triangles (▴). For clarity, type and lineage-specific clusters containing exclusively human isolates have been collapsed. The scale is shown at the bottom as substitutions per site. Viral isolates belonging to enterovirus species commented in the text are gathered in grey-shaded boxes.
Figure 3.
Phylogenetic relationships among Enterovirus B strains from human and non-human primates.
The NJ tree is based on the alignment of the full-length VP1 sequences. Studied viruses from non-human primates are highlighted in bold red with the host names specified in brackets. Other human and simian viruses detected in Cameroon are in bold blue. The year and country of isolation are indicated for some viruses (BGD, Bangladesh; CHN, China; CMR, Cameroon; IND, India; USA, United States of America; ZAF, South Africa). Prototype strains are indicated by triangles (▴). Scale is shown at the bottom as substitutions per site. Viral isolates belonging to enterovirus species commented in the text are gathered in grey-shaded boxes.
Figure 4.
Phylogenetic relationships among the candidate new enterovirus types and species and other known human and animal enteroviruses.
Studied viruses from non-human primates are highlighted in bold red with host names indicated in brackets. For clarity most species clusters have been collapsed. The scale is shown at the bottom as substitutions per site.
Table 3.
VP1 sequence relationships between the newly sequenced EV-J121 and other currently recognized EV-J strains.
Figure 5.
Phylogenetic relationships among the 5′UTR, VP1 and 3Dpol sequences of enteroviruses from human and non-human primates.
Only non species C enteroviruses were considered in these trees. The 5′UTR, VP1 and 3Dpol trees were based on the alignments of partial sequences (positions according to EV-A71 strain BrCr numbering: 193–430 for 5′UTR, 2615–2903 for VP1 and 6034–6377 for 3Dpol regions). Only non species C enteroviruses whose partial or complete VP1 sequences could be generated were considered in this comparative analysis. Prototypes strains originating from non-human primates (▴) or humans (Δ) are indicated. All other non-human primates strains from previous studies are distinguished by black circles (•) and those from this study are color-coded according to virus types. Non-human primates-derived viruses characterized in this study are further highlighted by yellow stars whereas green stars specify viruses previously identified in Cameroon either from humans or non-human primates.