Figure 1.
Principal component analysis of transcript expression in Malpighian tubules isolated from non-blood fed mosquitoes (NBF) at 3 h (gray circles), 12 h (white circles), and 24 h (black circles) and blood-fed (BF) mosquitoes at 3 h (blue circles), 12 h (red circles), and 24 h (green circles).
Principal component 1 is time and principal component 2 is treatment (NBF, BF).
Table 1.
Total number of transcripts whose abundance is significantly affected by blood feeding at each time point compared to non-blood fed controls.
Table 2.
DAVID functional clusters that are significantly enriched among the transcripts in Malpighian tubules exhibiting a sustained, up-regulation or down-regulation after blood feeding.
Figure 2.
Differential expression after blood feeding of transcripts encoding subunits of the V-type H+-ATPase.
Blue shading indicates significant down-regulation compared to NBF controls, whereas yellow shading indicates significant up-regulation compared to NBF controls. Lack of shading indicates no significant difference relative to NBF controls. Degree of shading is based on value of Log2 fold change as indicated by the scale below on the right.
Figure 3.
Differential expression after blood feeding of transcripts encoding known and putative ion and water transport mechanisms.
Blue shading indicates significant down-regulation compared to NBF controls, whereas yellow shading indicates significant up-regulation compared to NBF controls. Lack of shading indicates no significant difference relative to NBF controls. Degree of shading is based on value of Log2 fold change as indicated on the right.
Figure 4.
Differential expression after blood feeding of transcripts associated with heme detoxification and antioxidant mechanisms.
Blue shading indicates significant down-regulation compared to NBF controls, whereas yellow shading indicates significant up-regulation compared to NBF controls. Lack of shading indicates no significant difference relative to NBF controls. Degree of shading is based on value of Log2 fold change as indicated by the scale below on the right.
Figure 5.
Differential expression after blood feeding of transcripts encoding putative ABC transporters.
Blue shading indicates significant down-regulation compared to NBF controls, whereas yellow shading indicates significant up-regulation compared to NBF controls. Lack of shading indicates no significant difference relative to NBF controls. Degree of shading is based on value of Log2 fold change as indicated by the scale below on the right.
Figure 6.
Biochemical pathways for ammonia detoxification in mosquitoes.
Redrawn from Isoe and Scaraffia [9]. Yellow and blue text indicates an enzyme encoded by a transcript that is up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, after blood feeding.
Figure 7.
Differential expression after blood feeding of transcripts associated with ammonia detoxification.
Blue shading indicates significant down-regulation compared to NBF controls, whereas yellow shading indicates significant up-regulation compared to NBF controls. Lack of shading indicates no significant difference relative to NBF controls. Degree of shading is based on value of Log2 fold change as indicated by the scale below on the right.
Figure 8.
Summary of the molecular changes identified in the Malpighian tubule epithelium after blood feeding in the present study, with an emphasis on the mechanisms of transepithelial fluid secretion.
Blue-shaded items represent putative mechanisms or pathways that are down-regulated after blood feeding, whereas yellow-shaded text boxes represent putative pathways or functions that are up-regulated after blood feeding. See text for details. Gray-shaded items are ion transport mechanisms not examined in the present study. AE, anion exchanger [48]; AQP, aquaporin [22]; ATP, adenosine triphosphate [38]; ADP adenosine diphosphate; ClC, chloride channel [86]; Kir, inward-rectifying potassium channel [41]; KCC, potassium-chloride cotransporter [87]; PPK, pickpocket sodium channel (hypothesized, present study); NHA, sodium-hydrogen antiporter [88]; NHE, sodium-hydrogen exchanger [45]; NKCC, sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter [89]; VHA, V-type H+-ATPase [35].