Figure 1.
Habitats found in central Thailand (top; photos by PT) represent landscape types with increasing degrees of anthropogenic modification (bottom, from left to right; drawings by Nancy Hulbirt, SOEST Illustrations) and biodiversity loss of flora and fauna, as seen by remote imaging (middle; images from NASA's Earth Observatory). Left to right: forest habitats with high biodiversity; agricultural habitats with mixed farming and forest patches to monocultures; rural habitats with some human dwellings, family farming and forest patches; suburban habitats with more human dwellings, some commercial activity, and fewer forest patches; urban habitats with dense residential and commercial activities and little to no forest patches.
Figure 2.
Map of study area in Nakhon Nayok Province, Thailand.
Mosquitoes were collected in 24 sites representing six habitat types: Forest (F1 to F4), Fragmented Forest (FFR1 to FFR4), Rice Field (RF1 to RF4), Rural (RU1 to RU4), Suburban (SU1 to SU4), and Urban habitats (UR1 to UR2). Satellite imagery courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey Land Remote Sensing Program (Landsat 8).
Table 1.
Locations, trapping dates, and habitat features for 24 sites representing urban, suburban, rural, rice field, fragmented forest, and forest habitat type.
Figure 3.
Mean abundance and 95% confidence intervals of female and male mosquitoes.
Mosquitoes were caught in the forest (F), fragmented forest (FFR), rice field (RF), rural, (RU) suburban (SU), and urban (UR) habitats in Nakhon Nayok Province, Central Thailand, during the rainy season of 2008. Each habitat type is represented by four replicate sites, except for the rice field habitat where only three sites were included in the analysis.
Figure 4.
Average number of mosquitoes caught indoors and outdoors per trap and 95% confidence intervals.
Mosquitoes were caught in the forest (F), fragmented forest (FFR), rice field (RF), rural (RU), suburban (SU), and urban (UR) habitats in Nakhon Nayok Province, Central Thailand, during the rainy season of 2008. Each habitat type is represented by four replicate sites, except for the rice field habitat where only three sites were included in the analysis. Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used in the analysis. Stars indicates P = 0.029. P-value for the suburban and urban habitat were 0.057 and 0.686, respectively.
Table 2.
Mean species richness and diversity indices (±95% Confidence Interval) of mosquito communities found in six habitat types of Nakhon Nayok Province, Central Thailand, in 2008.
Figure 5.
Calculated number of mosquito taxa as a function of number of sample collected from 24 sites representing six habitat types (solid lines) and 95% confidence intervals (shaded area) were plotted. The curves are used to determine whether the number of mosquitoes collected has reached an asymptote such that 100% of possible species were sampled. The technique also allows the calculation of species richness for a rarefied number of mosquitoes (species density or SD).
Table 3.
Average abundance of vector species (±SE) found in the forest (F), fragmented forest (FFR), rice field (RF), rural (RU), suburban (SU), and urban (UR) habitat in Nakhon Nayok Province, Thailand in 2008.