Figure 1.
Overview of the drivers of the JEV ecology and epidemiology.
Arrows from one driver (ex: climate) to another (ex: vectors abundance) illustrate the influence of the first on the second. Lines are dotted when the link between two drivers is uncertain. Question tags underscore uncertain aspects of the JEV cycle. The JEV is represented in red in the zoonotic cycle in the middle of the figure. Humans, as they stay outside of the JEV cycle, do not enter the cycle. Major drivers influencing the JEV ecology and ultimately the epidemiology in humans are framed. These drivers and their influences are colored as follow: in green, agriculture; in blue, climate and natural disasters; in purple, host/vector genetics; in yellow, JEV genetics; urbanization, which is a priori not relevant to the JEV life cycle, appears in gray. Vaccine, as one major nonenvironmental driver influencing the risk of JEV transmission and infection to humans, is in light blue. “multi-scale” is annotated when one driver has a multiple spatial scales effect on another.