Table 1.
Life-cycle of two Ethiopian P. orientalis colonies and their hybrid F1 and F2 progeny.
Figure 1.
Effect of nutrition on the life cycle of two P. orientalis colonies.
Data originate from the offspring of about 4,600 ovipositing females (2,200 MW and 2,400 AZ) during a 3 month period. 1A: On the non-autoclaved food the number of adults emerging from pupae peaked on week 8 PBM in MW, and week 9 PBM in AZ. All individuals completed the life cycle within 13 and 20 weeks for MW and AZ, respectively. 1B: On the autoclaved food the life cycle was prolonged and the larval growth appeared less synchronized in both colonies. The impact was more significant in the AZ colony: emergence of AZ adults peaked on week 13 (four weeks later than on non-autoclaved food).
Figure 2.
RAPD analysis of two P. orientalis colonies.
RAPD analysis was based upon PCR results using five random primers (OPI12, 13, OPO20, OPE16, OPL5; in total 58 characters), electrophoretogram for OPL5 is shown as an example. Dendrogram was constructed by the Neighbor-joining method.
Figure 3.
Development of L. donovani (GR 374) in females of two P. orientalis colonies.
Sand flies were infected by feeding on a suspension of 105 promastigotes/ml of blood and kept at 26°C. 3A: Infected females of P. orientalis were examined microscopically 2, 5–6 and 8–11 days post-bloodmeal (PBM). The infection intensities were classified into three categories according to their intensity: heavy (more than 1,000 parasites per gut [black]), moderate (100–1,000 parasites [grey]) and light (1–100 parasites [white]). Numbers above the bars indicate the number of dissected females. 3B: Parasite numbers from 40–50 individual females were quantified by Q-PCR targeted on amplification of Leishmania kDNA 10 days PBM.
Figure 4.
Effect of initial infective dose on development of L. donovani (GR 374) in P. orientalis.
4A: Infected females of P. orientalis (MW colony) were examined microscopically 2–3, 6 and 10 days post-bloodmeal (PBM). The infection intensity was classified as described in Fig. 3. 4B: Parasite numbers were determined using Q-PCR at 10 days PBM. Twenty females were used per group.