Figure 1.
SDS-PAGE of Neuro Polyvalent Snake Antivenom (NPAV) and Naja kaouthia monovalent antivenom (NKMAV).
Fifteen µL of the respective reconstituted antivenom (3 mg/ml) was loaded on the middle (NPAV) and right lane (NKMAV). Prestained molecular weight markers mixture was loaded on the left lane (M, molecular weight in kDa). The digested heavy chain (H′) and light chains (L) are indicated by black arrowheads.
Figure 2.
Elution profiles of (A) Neuro Polyvalent Snake Antivenom (NPAV) and (B) Naja kaouthia monovalent antivenom (NKMAV).
One mg of each sample was applied to Superdex 200 10/300 GL gel column. The arrows identify the peaks. The results of integration of the areas-under-the-curve are shown in the insert table on the upper left. LMWC stands for low molecular weight components.
Table 1.
In vitro neutralization of lethality of Afro-Asian cobra and krait venoms by NPAV.
Table 2.
In vitro and in vivo neutralization of cobra and krait venoms by NPAV and NKMAV.
Table 3.
In vivo neutralization of lethality of some cobra and krait venoms by NPAV.
Figure 3.
Effects of Neuro Polyvalent Snake Antivenom (NPAV) on the cardio-respiratory depressant and neuromuscular blocking effects.
Changes in percentage (%) of (A) mean blood pressure, (B) heart rate, (C) respiratory rate and (D) muscle twitch tension, upon intramuscular injection of N. sputatrix venom (6 mg/kg) at 0 min in ‘NsV/-’ group (n = 3; green circle) and ‘NsV/NPAV’ group (n = 3; blue square ); and intramuscular injection of saline in ‘saline/-’ group (n = 3; red diamond) , which served as the control group. The ‘NsV/NPAV’ group received intravenous injection of 1 mL NPAV each at 10, 30 and 50 min (3 mL in total) post venom injection. *P<0.05 by one-way ANOVA between the ‘NsV/-’ group and ‘NsV/NPAV’ group, within the range indicated by the curly bracket. #P<0.05 by one-way ANOVA between the ‘saline/-’ group and ‘NsV/NPAV’ group, within the range indicated by the curly bracket. The animals in ‘NsV/-’ group died within 125–130 min upon venom injection. All values are expressed as mean ± S.D.