Figure 1.
Flow chart of the various data and exclusion layers used to derive the final map.
The pink rectangle denotes the surface area and populations of PvMECs, whilst the pink ovoid represents the resulting trimmed surface area and PAR after the exclusion of risk by the various input layers, denoted by the blue rhomboids. Orange rectangles show area and PAR exclusions at each step to illustrate how these were reduced progressively. The sequence in which the exclusion layers are applied does not affect the final PAR estimates.
Figure 2.
Plasmodium vivax malaria risk defined by PvAPI data.
Transmission was defined as stable (red areas, where PvAPI≥0.1 per 1,000 people p.a.), unstable (pink areas, where PvAPI<0.1 per 1,000 p.a.) or no risk (grey areas). The boundaries of the 95 countries defined as P. vivax endemic are shown.
Figure 3.
Further refinement of Plasmodium vivax transmission risk areas using the temperature layer of exclusion.
Risk areas are defined as in Figure 2.
Figure 4.
Aridity layer overlaid on the PvAPI and temperature layers.
Risk areas are defined as in Figure 2.
Figure 5.
The global spatial limits of Plasmodium vivax malaria transmission in 2009.
Risk areas are defined as in Figure 2. The medical intelligence and predicted Duffy negativity layers are overlaid on the P. vivax limits of transmission as defined by the PvAPI data and biological mask layers. Areas where Duffy negativity prevalence was estimated as ≥90% are hatched, indicating where PAR estimates were modulated most significantly by the presence of this genetic trait.
Table 1.
Regional and global areas and PAR of Plasmodium vivax malaria in 2009.
Table 2.
Published evidence of Plasmodium vivax malaria transmission in African countries.