Figure 1.
Study participation and compliance.
Diagram detailing the study participation and compliance of community members from rural Bandamaji and peri-urban Dole, Zanzibar, in June/July 2008. All individuals providing at least two stool samples were included in the final analyses. K-K: Kato-Katz method, KAP: Koga agar plate method, BM: Baermann method.
Table 1.
Population characteristics, according to questionnaire survey, stratified by study setting (rural Bandamaji: n = 236, peri-urban Dole: n = 139) in Zanzibar, June/July 2008.
Figure 2.
Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths, S. haematobium and anemia in rural Bandamaji and peri-urban Dole, Zanzibar, in June/July 2008.
Bar chart indicating the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths, S. haematobium and anemia in four age groups of (A) rural Bandamaji, and (B) peri-urban Dole. (A) age group 5–11 years: n = 55; age group 12–14 years: n = 42; age group 15–59 years: n = 152; age group ≥60 years: n = 21. (B) age group 5–11 years: n = 51; age group 12–14 years: n = 32; age group 15–59 years: n = 79; age-group ≥60 years: n = 22.
Figure 3.
Polyparasitism in rural Bandamaji and peri-urban Dole, Zanzibar, in June/July 2008.
Bar chart indicating the number of infecting helminths (polyparasitism of soil-transmitted helminths plus S. haematobium) in four age groups of (A) rural Bandamaji and (B) peri-urban Dole. (A) age group 5–11 years: n = 55; age group 12–14 years: n = 42; age group 15–59 years: n = 152; age-group ≥60 years: n = 21. (B) age group 5–11 years: n = 51; age group 12–14 years: n = 32; age group 15–59 years: n = 79; age-group ≥60 years: n = 22.
Figure 4.
Age group specific differences in helminth infection intensities as expressed by egg excretion.
Eggs per gram (EPG) values of infected individuals in different age groups of two Zanzibari communities: rural Bandamaji and peri-urban Dole. Each person's EPG was estimated as the arithmetic mean of at least two Kato-Katz thick smear readings. Differences in the median EPG of the four age groups were determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Pair-wise comparisons between the median EPG of two age groups were adjusted for multiple testing as suggested by Siegel and Castellan (1988) [35]. Horizontal bars are indicating the significant differences of the median EPG between two groups. Box plot: the ends of the box represent the 75th and 25th percentiles; the middle line represents the median; the upper whisker represents the upper quartile + 1.5*(interquartile range); the lower whisker represents the lower quartile–1.5*(interquartile range). (A): EPG values of A. lumbricoides infections, Kruskal-Wallis test: p<0.001; age group 5–11 years: n = 43; age group 12–14 years: n = 22; age group 15–59 years: n = 66; age-group ≥60 years: n = 8. (B) EPG values of T. trichiura infections, Kruskal-Wallis test: p<0.001; age group 5–11 years: n = 55; age group 12–14 years: n = 29; age group 15–59 years: n = 74; age-group ≥60 years: n = 5. (C) EPG values of hookworm infections; Kruskal-Wallis test: p = 0.789; age group 5–11 years: n = 28; age group 12–14 years: n = 18; age group 15–59 years: n = 53; age-group ≥60 years: n = 10.
Table 2.
Risk factors significantly (p<0.05) associated with helminth infections and anemia in individuals from rural Bandamaji and peri-urban Dole in Zanzibar, in June/July 2008, as determined with multivariable logistic regression modeling.
Table 3.
Significant associations (p<0.05) between different helminth infections and anemia in residents from rural Bandamaji and peri-urban Dole in Zanzibar, in June/July 2008, as determined with multivariable logistic regression modeling.
Table 4.
Self-reported morbidity signs significantly (p<0.05) associated with helminth infections and anemia among residents from rural Bandamaji and peri-urban Dole in Zanzibar, in June/July 2008, as determined with multivariable logistic regression modeling.