A comparative cross-reactivity and paraspecific neutralization study on Hypnale hypnale, Echis carinatus, and Daboia russelii monovalent and therapeutic polyvalent anti-venoms
Fig 7
Cross-reactivity of H. hypnale, E. carinatus, and D. russelii venoms with the anti-venoms.
(A) SDS-PAGE protein banding pattern of Hhv, Ecv, and Drv, and M represents the molecular weight protein markers in kDa. (B) Western blots showing reactivity/cross-reactivity of HhAV (Ba), EcAV (Bb), DrAV (Bc), BhAV (Bd), ViAV (Be), and pre-immune rabbit serum (Bf) with Hhv, Ecv, and Drv. BSA, 25 μg was used as a negative control. (C) Corresponding Ponceau-S stain images showing the protein bands in respective membranes when stained before processing with respective anti-venoms in Western blot. In all cases, the electrophoresis was carried out under identical, non-reduced condition in 10% gels. (D) Indirect ELISA titers of Hhv, Ecv, and Drv with anti-venoms. (Da) Hhv, (Db) Ecv, and (Dc) Drv. Venoms, 0.1 μg/100 μl were independently treated with various dilutions of HhAV, EcAV, DrAV, BhAV, and ViAV. The data is presented as Mean ± SEM (n = 4). (Antiserums, 1 mg/ml were adjusted, and used for dilution in ELISA).