A comparative cross-reactivity and paraspecific neutralization study on Hypnale hypnale, Echis carinatus, and Daboia russelii monovalent and therapeutic polyvalent anti-venoms
Fig 3
Murine model of hemorrhagic activity of H. hypnale, E. carinatus, and D. russelii venoms.
(A) Groups of mice were independently injected intradermally with different doses, 1–5 μg of Hhv, and 5 μg each of Ecv and Drv in 30 μl PBS respectively. The group of mice were injected with PBS served as a negative control. After 3 h of injection, mice were euthanized using xylazine and removed skin at the venom injected spot, the area of hemorrhagic spots that appeared on the inner surface of the skin was measured in mm2. (B) The inner surface of the skin tissues shows hemorrhagic spots. The data is presented as Mean ± SEM (n = 3) and analyzed using one-way/two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-tests, ‘**** p <0.0001, *** p <0.001, ** p <0.01, * p <0.05, and ns (not significant) >0.05. ‘*’ significant compared to the control group (PBS).