A comparative cross-reactivity and paraspecific neutralization study on Hypnale hypnale, Echis carinatus, and Daboia russelii monovalent and therapeutic polyvalent anti-venoms
Fig 2
Murine model of edema-inducing activity of H. hypnale, E. carinatus, and D. russelii venoms.
(A) Dose-dependent edema-inducing activity of Hhv, Ecv, and Drv. Different doses of venoms (1–5 μg) in 20 μl PBS were injected into the intraplantar surface of mice right footpads. The left footpads that received PBS alone were served as negative controls. After 1 h of injection, mice were euthanized using xylazine; both the legs were removed at the ankle joint and weighed. An increase in weight due to edema was calculated as the edema ratio, which equals the weight of the edematous leg × 100/weight of the negative control leg. (B) Mice foot pads showing hemorrhagic (Hhv and Ecv) and non-hemorrhagic (Drv) edema. The data is presented as Mean ± SEM (n = 3).