Animal models in venom and antivenom research: The need to align academic discovery with manufacturing and regulatory expectations

• Stuart Ainsworth,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

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• Nicholas R. Casewell,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

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• Marco Aurélio Sartim,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, Fundaçao de Medicina Tropical – Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

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• Amy E. Marriott,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research, London, United Kingdom

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• José María Gutiérrez

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: jose.gutierrez@ucr.ac.cr

  Affiliation Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8385-3081

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