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Open Access
Peer-reviewed
Research Article
Evaluation of long-term consequences among snakebite survivors in rural Kenya including validation of a functional limitations assessment tool
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Cecilia Ngari ,
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
* E-mail: cessnimmu@gmail.com
Affiliation Kenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Stian Cattell-Ravdal,
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation University of Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Steven A. Wasonga,
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Kenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Rafael Cuginotti de Oliviera,
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation University of Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Tonny O. Ngage,
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Kenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Luka Dolinaj,
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation University of Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Loreta A. Asila,
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft
Affiliation Kenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Jonathan Steinhorst,
Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing
Affiliations University of Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Peter G. Mwethera,
Roles Funding acquisition, Resources, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Kenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Lynn Kitwan,
Roles Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation County Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kitui, Kenya
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John H. Amuasi,
Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing
Affiliations Department of Implementation Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany, Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana, Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Division for Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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David G. Lalloo,
Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Leslie M. Aglanu,
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing
Affiliations University of Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Implementation Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany, Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
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George O. Oluoch,
Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing
Affiliations Kenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Ymkje Stienstra
Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliations Kenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Kenya Institute of Primate Research, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya, University of Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Evaluation of long-term consequences among snakebite survivors in rural Kenya including validation of a functional limitations assessment tool
- Cecilia Ngari,
- Stian Cattell-Ravdal,
- Steven A. Wasonga,
- Rafael Cuginotti de Oliviera,
- Tonny O. Ngage,
- Luka Dolinaj,
- Loreta A. Asila,
- Jonathan Steinhorst,
- Peter G. Mwethera,
- Lynn Kitwan
- Published: April 28, 2026
- https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0014259