Biogeographic venom variation in Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) and the preclinical inefficacy of antivenom therapy in snakebite hotspots

• R. R. Senji Laxme ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: R. R. Senji Laxme, Suyog Khochare, Saurabh Attarde

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9151-7771

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• Suyog Khochare ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: R. R. Senji Laxme, Suyog Khochare, Saurabh Attarde

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

  Affiliation Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

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• Saurabh Attarde ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: R. R. Senji Laxme, Suyog Khochare, Saurabh Attarde

  Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

  Affiliation Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2632-6837

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• Vivek Suranse,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft

  Affiliation Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

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• Ashwin Iyer,

  Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

  Affiliation Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0461-9129

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• Nicholas R. Casewell,

  Roles Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-4719

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• Romulus Whitaker,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation Madras Crocodile Bank Trust/Centre for Herpetology. East Coast Road, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India

  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8263-9139

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• Gerard Martin,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation The Liana Trust. Survey #1418/1419 Rathnapuri, Hunsur, Karnataka, India

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1409-2984

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• Kartik Sunagar

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: ksunagar@iisc.ac.in

  Affiliation Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0998-1581

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