Interpreting ambiguous ‘trace’ results in Schistosoma mansoni CCA Tests: Estimating sensitivity and specificity of ambiguous results with no gold standard

• Michelle N. Clements ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: michelle.clements@imperial.ac.uk

  Affiliation Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

  http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3442-3947

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• Christl A. Donnelly,

  Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

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• Alan Fenwick,

  Roles Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision

  Affiliation Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

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• Narcis B. Kabatereine,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, Kampala, Uganda

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• Sarah C. L. Knowles,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom

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• Aboulaye Meité,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Côte d'Ivoire Ministry of Health, National Program Against Filariasis, Schistosomiasis and Geohelminths, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

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• Eliézer K. N'Goran,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abijan, Côte d'Ivoire

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• Yolisa Nalule,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

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• Sarah Nogaro,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

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• Anna E. Phillips,

  Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

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• Edridah Muheki Tukahebwa,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health Uganda, Kampala, Uganda

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• Fiona M. Fleming

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

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