Whole genome sequencing distinguishes between relapse and reinfection in recurrent leprosy cases

• Mariane M. A. Stefani ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Mariane M. A. Stefani, Charlotte Avanzi

  * E-mail: mmastefani@gmail.com (MMAS); stewart.cole@epfl.ch (STC); gpenna@gpenna.net (GOP)

  Affiliation Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Goiás, Brazil

  http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3731-0817

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• Charlotte Avanzi ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Mariane M. A. Stefani, Charlotte Avanzi

  Affiliation Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland

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• Samira Bührer-Sékula,

  Affiliations Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Goiás, Brazil, University of Amazonas State, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

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• Andrej Benjak,

  Affiliation Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland

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• Chloé Loiseau,

  Affiliations Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland, Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Switzerland

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• Pushpendra Singh,

  Affiliations Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India

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• Maria A. A. Pontes,

  Affiliation Dona Libânia Dermatology Centre, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

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• Heitor S. Gonçalves,

  Affiliation Dona Libânia Dermatology Centre, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

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• Emerith M. Hungria,

  Affiliation Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Goiás, Brazil

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• Philippe Busso,

  Affiliation Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland

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• Jérémie Piton,

  Affiliation Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland

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• Maria I. S. Silveira,

  Affiliation Dona Libânia Dermatology Centre, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

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• Rossilene Cruz,

  Affiliations University of Amazonas State, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, Tropical Dermatology and Venerology, Alfredo da Matta Foundation, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

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• Antônio Schetinni,

  Affiliation Tropical Dermatology and Venerology, Alfredo da Matta Foundation, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

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• Maurício B. Costa,

  Affiliation Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Goiás, Brazil

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• Marcos C. L. Virmond,

  Affiliation Lauro Souza Lima Institute, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil

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• Suzana M. Diorio,

  Affiliation Lauro Souza Lima Institute, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil

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• Ida M. F. Dias-Baptista,

  Affiliation Lauro Souza Lima Institute, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil

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• Patricia S. Rosa,

  Affiliation Lauro Souza Lima Institute, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil

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• Masanori Matsuoka,

  Affiliations Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan, Jyu-kanbo National Museum, Kusatsu, Gunma, Japan

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• Maria L. F. Penna,

  Affiliation Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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• Stewart T. Cole ,

  * E-mail: mmastefani@gmail.com (MMAS); stewart.cole@epfl.ch (STC); gpenna@gpenna.net (GOP)

  Affiliation Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland

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•  [ ... ],
• Gerson O. Penna

  * E-mail: mmastefani@gmail.com (MMAS); stewart.cole@epfl.ch (STC); gpenna@gpenna.net (GOP)

  Affiliations Tropical Medicine Centre, University of Brasília, Brasília DF, Brazil, Fiocruz, Brasilia, Brazil

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