Multiple Origins of Mutations in the mdr1 Gene—A Putative Marker of Chloroquine Resistance in P. vivax

• Mette L. Schousboe,

  Affiliation Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of Immunology, and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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• Samir Ranjitkar,

  Affiliation Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of Immunology, and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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• Rupika S. Rajakaruna,

  Affiliation Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

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• Priyanie H. Amerasinghe,

  Affiliation International Water Management Institute, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

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• Francisco Morales,

  Affiliation Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Robles y Pampite, Cumbaya, Ecuador

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• Richard Pearce,

  Affiliation Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

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• Rosalyn Ord,

  Affiliation Blood-Borne Parasites, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America

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• Toby Leslie,

  Affiliation Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

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• Mark Rowland,

  Affiliation Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

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• Nahla B. Gadalla,

  Affiliation Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

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• Flemming Konradsen,

  Affiliation Section of Global Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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• Ib C. Bygbjerg,

  Affiliation Section of Global Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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• Cally Roper ,

  * E-mail: Cally.Roper@lshtm.ac.uk

  ¶‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

  Affiliation Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

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• Michael Alifrangis

  ¶‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

  Affiliation Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of Immunology, and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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