About the Authors

Jo Walker

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

jo.walker@yale.edu

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Paula Russell

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliations Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Leanne Kermack

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliations Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Tan Trinh Van

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Tran Vu Thieu Nga

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Elli Mylona

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliations Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Susana Camara

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Young Chan Kim

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sonu Shrestha

Roles Investigation

Affiliation International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Arne Gehlhaar

Roles Investigation

Affiliation International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Josefin Bartholdson Scott

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliations Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Farhana Khanam

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal

Mila Shakya

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Supervision

Affiliations Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi

Deus Thindwa

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliations College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Melita A. Gordon

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Buddha Basnyat

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliations Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, California, United States of America

John D. Clemens

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea, Korea University Vaccine Innovation Center, Seoul, South Korea, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infectious Diseases, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Firdausi Qadri

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Robert S. Heyderman

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Christiane Dolecek

Roles Investigation, Supervision

Affiliation NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom

Susan Tonks

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Thomas C. Darton

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Clinical Infection Research Group, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Andrew J. Pollard

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom

Stephen Baker

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliations Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom

James E. Meiring

Contributed equally to this work with: James E. Meiring, Merryn Voysey, Virginia E. Pitzer

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Merryn Voysey

Contributed equally to this work with: James E. Meiring, Merryn Voysey, Virginia E. Pitzer

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom

Virginia E. Pitzer

Contributed equally to this work with: James E. Meiring, Merryn Voysey, Virginia E. Pitzer

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

and the STRATAA Study Group

Membership of the STRATAA Study Group is provided in the Acknowledgements

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: AJP was the chair of the UK Department of Health and Social Care’s Joint Committee on Vaccination until 2025, was a member of the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) until 2022, and is the chair of the WHO Technical Advisory Group on Salmonella vaccines. VEP and FQ are members of the WHO SAGE typhoid working group. JDC and MAG are members of the WHO Technical Advisory Group on Salmonella vaccines. AJP receives grants from the Wellcome Trust, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Health and Care Research, AstraZeneca, European Commission, and Serum Institute of India. VEP receives grants from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute for Health and Care Research. All other authors declare no competing interests.