About the Authors

Benson M. Wachira

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya, Department of Chemistry, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya

Richard Echodu

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biology, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda

Johnson O. Ouma

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Vector Health International, Africa Technical Research Centre, Arusha, Tanzania

Imna I. Malele

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Vector and Vector Borne Diseases Institute, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Tanga, Tanzania

Daniel Gamba

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Technical Department, Kenya Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Council (KENTTEC), Nairobi, Kenya

Michael Okal

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Animal Health, International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya

Kennedy O. Ogolla

Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya

Clement Mangwiro

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Animal Science, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura. Zimbabwe

Robert Opiro

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biology, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda

Deusdedit J. Malulu

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Vector and Vector Borne Diseases Institute, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Tanga, Tanzania

Bernard Ochieng

Roles Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wildlife Research and Training Institute, Kwale, Kenya

Raymond E. Mdachi

Roles Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya

Paul O. Mireji

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* mireji.paul@gmail.com

Affiliation Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.