About the Authors

Stefanie K. Menzies

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Stefanie.Menzies@lstmed.ac.uk

Affiliations Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Thea Litschka-Koen

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Eswatini Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Simunye, Eswatini, Eswatini Antivenom Foundation, Simunye, Eswatini

Rebecca J. Edge

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Jaffer Alsolaiss

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Edouard Crittenden

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Steven R. Hall

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Adam Westhorpe

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Brent Thomas

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

James Murray

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Eswatini Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Simunye, Eswatini, Eswatini Antivenom Foundation, Simunye, Eswatini

Nondusimo Shongwe

Roles Resources

Affiliations Eswatini Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Simunye, Eswatini, Eswatini Antivenom Foundation, Simunye, Eswatini

Sara Padidar

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Eswatini Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Simunye, Eswatini, Eswatini Antivenom Foundation, Simunye, Eswatini, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni, Eswatini

David G. Lalloo

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Nicholas R. Casewell

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Jonathan Pons

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Eswatini Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre, Simunye, Eswatini, Eswatini Antivenom Foundation, Simunye, Eswatini

Robert A. Harrison

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: RAH communicated with the antivenom manufacturers Instituto Clodomiro Picado (Costa Rica) and Premium Serums & Vaccines (India) to (i) acquire antivenoms for this study and (ii) discuss future antivenom supply to conduct clinical observations/clinical trials. The antivenom manufacturers had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of this manuscript.