About the Authors

Anjanirina Rahantamalala

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

anjanirina@pasteur.mg

Affiliation Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Rado Lalaina Rakotoarison

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Resources

Affiliation Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Emma Rakotomalala

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Resources

‡ Unavailable

Affiliation Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Mahenintsoa Rakotondrazaka

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Resources

Affiliation Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Jaydon Kiernan

Roles Data curation, Investigation

‡ Unavailable

Affiliation Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Paul M. Castle

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Lee Hakami

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Koeun Choi

Roles Data curation, Investigation

‡ Unavailable

Affiliation Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Armand Solofoniaina Rafalimanantsoa

Roles Methodology, Resources

Affiliations Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Helminthiasis Unit, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Aina Harimanana

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Patricia Wright

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Ifanadiana, Madagascar, Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Simon Grandjean Lapierre

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Immunopathology Axis, research Center, University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Canada; Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, University of Montreal, Canada

Affiliation Global Health Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Matthieu Schoenhals

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Peter M. Small

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Ifanadiana, Madagascar, Global Health Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Luis A. Marcos

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Global Health Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Inès Vigan-Womas

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Immunophysiopathology and Infectious Diseases Department, Dakar, Senegal

Affiliation Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Authors Emma Rakotomalala, Jaydon Kiernan, and Koeun Choi were unavailable to confirm their authorship contributions. On their behalf, the corresponding author has reported their contributions to the best of their knowledge.