About the Authors

Jonathan Mnkai

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft

Affiliation National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania

Thomas F. Marandu

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft

Affiliations National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania, University of Dar es Salaam -Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences (UDSM-MCHAS), Mbeya, Tanzania

Jacklina Mhidze

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania

Agatha Urio

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania

Lucas Maganga

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania

Antelmo Haule

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania

Godfrey Kavishe

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania

Elizabeth Ntapara

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania

Nhamo Chiwerengo

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania

Petra Clowes

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania

Sacha Horn

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany

Maureen Mosoba

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)–Headquarters, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Wilfred Lazarus

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)–Headquarters, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Abdallah Ngenya

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)–Headquarters, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Akili Kalinga

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)–Headquarters, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Alex Debrah

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research (KCCR) at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Friedrich Rieß

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany

Elmar Saathoff

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany

Christof Geldmacher

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany

Achim Hoerauf

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany, German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Michael Hoelscher

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany

Mkunde Chachage

Contributed equally to this work with: Mkunde Chachage, Inge Kroidl

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

mchachage@nimr-mmrc.org (MC); ikroidl@lrz.uni-muenchen.de (IK)

Affiliations National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR)-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania, University of Dar es Salaam -Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences (UDSM-MCHAS), Mbeya, Tanzania, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany

Inge Kroidl

Contributed equally to this work with: Mkunde Chachage, Inge Kroidl

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft

mchachage@nimr-mmrc.org (MC); ikroidl@lrz.uni-muenchen.de (IK)

Affiliations Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.