About the Authors

Sana Syed

Contributed equally to this work with: Sana Syed, Vincenzo Dinallo

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America

Vincenzo Dinallo

Contributed equally to this work with: Sana Syed, Vincenzo Dinallo

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy

Najeeha T. Iqbal

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

Laura Di Iorio

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy

Davide Di Fusco

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy

Shan Guleria

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America

Beatrice C. Amadi

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia

Kamran Sadiq

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

Christopher Moskaluk

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

S. Asad Ali

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

‡ SAA, PK, and GM also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

Paul Kelly

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡ SAA, PK, and GM also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

Giovanni Monteleone

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Gi.Monteleone@Med.uniroma2.it

‡ SAA, PK, and GM also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy

Competing Interests

G. Monteleone has filed a patent related to the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases with Smad7 antisense oligonucleotides. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.