About the Authors

Emma L. Davis

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Emma.Davis@warwick.ac.uk

Current address: Centre for Complexity Science, Department of Mathematics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

Leon Danon

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Data Science Institute, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

Joaquín M. Prada

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Mathematics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

Sharmini A. Gunawardena

Roles Data curation, Investigation

Affiliation Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

James E. Truscott

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

Johnny Vlaminck

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium

Roy M. Anderson

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

Bruno Levecke

Roles Investigation, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium

Eric R Morgan

Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, UK

T. Deirdre Hollingsworth

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Mathematics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK, Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Professor Roy M. Anderson is a non-executive member of the board of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). GlaxoSmithKline played no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This does not alter our adherence to all PLOS policies on sharing data and materials.